"-■•:V.- ^ ■.^Vt^ «^,fe- ■'OJs' a*-. 5 ,i§l^^^^l^- '^i^' ii'%'/<. ^-.*--' ■:.:^-*?^ ^43?T^ ' ^ .A- 'l' ^' ^:if;^ :i#:ii?'^' *?x' . /^7 r< BETTER FRUIT A''OLUME XIII JULY, 1918 Number 1 '^L^ //// ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimimimiiiiiiiii iii iiiimiiiiiiifi I ^■■■■■■■iiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiitiiiniitiiiiiiitimiiiiimiiiimuiiiiiiiii iiiiniiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiniiiiiitiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit£ | ^^^^__^^,^ I I Special Features in this Edition \ I :iiJMiiiuiiiiiililiiiniiijjiiiiiiiiiiii iiliiililliiuiiuiiiiiniliiiiuiiiiiiiiiitiililiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiuimiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiimiii iiiiriiitiiF i ORCHARD IRRIGATION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RELATION OF HORTICULTURE TO CANNERIES PRUNING AND POLLENIZING THE BING CHERRY WALNUT CULTURE ?iiniiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiinMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiimi BETTER FKUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, FOBTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in-the United States; Canada and Forei-n. Jiiehidin.j- I'.,^h,._.o, $1,50. Sind.- Copy 10 C.nts \LJ\ Bringing the Farm to the Railroad Since the coining of the motor car, the remote farm is no longer remote. Distance has been conquered. Miles have been shortened. Min- utes have taken the place of hours spent in transportation. In this transformation, the most important advantage to the farmer is in being brought next door to the railroad. Milk and other perishable products can be marketed quickly. Needed supplies are more available. The farmer is in touch w^ith the world. Using his car largely for business, the modern farmer treats his car as a business proposition. Equipment is purchased with extreme care and judgment. Values are studied. Mileage records are kept carefully. That is why the sales of United States Tires are in- creasing so fast in farming communities. They have dem- onstrated not only long-mile- age qualities but greater relia- bility. They make your car more useful. They give a big- ger return on your in vestment. United States Tires are Good Tires Wherever you live or whatever car you drive, there is a United States Tire built especially to fit your conditions. That is one great benefit in choosing United States Tires. You have a variety of treads and types from which to choose but the quality and values are always United States standards. Any United States Sales and Service Depot will cheerfully aid you. For passenger cars — 'Usco', 'Chain', 'Royal Cord', 'Nobby' and 'Plain'. Atso Tires for Motor Trucks, Motorcycles, Bicycles and Airplanes. United States Tubes and Tire Accessories Have All tht surltne Worth that Maki United States Tires Suprtmt. 'Usco' 'Chain' ^' PI . T^ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT M- I' BETTER FRUIT NEW YOf C£3 CJ STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist. CorvalUs. CC WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomoloflst ; V. O. M. Morris. Horticulturist; W. S. Tliomber, Horticul- U*- turist. Pullman. ^I COLORADO — C. P. GUlette. Director and Entomologist: E. B. House. Cliief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College. Fort Collins. .\KIZ0N.4— E. P. Ta,vIor. Horticulturist. Tucson. WISCONSIN— Dr. B. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist. Madison, MONTANA— O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist. Bozeman. CALIFORNIA- C. W. Woodworth. Enlomologist. Berke- Ie,v: W. H. Volck. Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor. HoTticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Patliologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PIBLISHF.D MONTHLY 13Y Better Fruit Publishing Company 407 Lumber ExL-liaiigc PORTLAND, OREGON All Conimiiiiications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY SvBSCRiPTioN Pricis: In the Vnilcd States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50. Advertising Rates on Application, Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the PostofTice at Portland, Oret^on, under the .\ct of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XIII Portland, Oreuon, July 1, 1918 Number 1 Proposed Increase in Freight Rates BECAUSE of the increased freight These figures were compiled by the as an estimated weight of 491/2 pounds rate as announced by Director- Bureau of Markets, U. S. Department of per box and a minimum car of 30,000 General of Railroads William G. Agriculture. In Table I is shown the pounds would be 606 boxes. In order McAdoo, the fruit growers of the Pacific districts from which the above men- to make even tiers in a car, shippers Coast are facing a crisis. Several meet- tioned shipments were made, together voluntarily loaded 630 boxes to the car, ings have been held throughout the with the number of refrigerator cars making a weight of 31,185 pounds. Northwest and California to protest and number of box cars, with average In Table II is shown the earnings of against this increase in freight and to loads, a minimum load, a 630-box load, a 756- decide what steps to take to have this When the dollar rate to Eastern terri- box load, the lowest amount the car- new rate to the East altered, tory was established apples were prac- ricrs would receive during the winter As the East is a long haul from the tically a luxury and brought prices that of 1917-18; the 787-box load, which was West, it will mean an increase of 10 to could afford any reasonable rate. The the average of the Northwest during the 15 cents per box on our apples, giving dollar rate was established by the car- period August 15 to December 15, 1917, Eastern competitors an advantage over riers because they undoubtedly thought and the 822-box load, which was the us, as it will effect them but 2 to 5 cents that that was all the traliic would bear, average load at Hood River during this per bushel at the most. Already the In order to settle the great Northwest period. railroads are getting an increased reve- the railroads used the prices at which It will be seen that the apple industry nue from the apple men by increasing apples were selling as an inducement has already been paying the carriers a the number of boxes which are now to settlers, and a very great portion of decided increase over the minimum placed in a car. Such industries as live- the Northwestern apple lands were sold earnings and in addition has been T stock, wool, grain and lumber are pay- to Eastern people, brought here by the forced to accept conditions unknown Y ing well— some have increased prices railroads themselves. when the dollar rate was placed in ^ 300 per cent since the beginning of the The apple industry has grown to such effect. Attention has been called to the I war, and furthermore on some things an extent that it is one of the largest fact that when the dollar rate was the Government is guaranteeing a profit revenue producers of the carriers, established the character of equipment of 10 per cent, whereas apples have Special equipment was necessary to was taken into consideration, and attcn- about the same values as they did be- transport these apples to market and tion is also directed to the fact that the fore the war, and growers have had to refrigerator cars were built for that character of the commodity was also face an increased cost in production, purpose. When the rates were estab- well known. There was always danger p Fruit must be shipped when ready, and lished the character of equipment to be of freezing in transit in the winter, and St^^be sold when it reaches market. It is used was taken into consideration, for the carriers provided protection, such governed by a market condition as gov- it costs more to make and keep a refrig- as round-housing, etc., and where fruit erned by the law of supply and demand, erator car in condition than an ordinary was frozen carriers paid claims for During the period August 15 to De- box car. When the tariffs establishing such damage, cember 15, 1917, inclusive, there were the dollar rate were made 30,000 pounds About three years ago the carriers shipped out of the Northwest 10,180 was decided upon as a minimum weight, adopted what is known as the "Heater cars, containing 8,014,884 boxes of ap- and the tariffs still show that weight. Tariff," which provided two options pies, or an average load of 787.7 boxes. Apples are accepted at what is known under which apples might be shipped LTARiF T u f ■ , , during the period October 15 to April I ABLE I. Refngeralor Average iV • i ■ /-> .• i i «t-i • Cars Box Cars Load 15, inclusive. Option 1 reads. Shipper Wenatchee District 3406 (782.8) 1270 (911. .31 817.7 a.ssumes all risks of frost, freezing or , Hoo!rRi^r'DS^tHci:::;::::::::::;:;:::::::::::::::::1g^J^?5:^J ]^\^li\ ltl:l heating m transit,- whue option 2 — ^ Walla Walla, Lewiston, Milton and Freewafer Districts 375 (764..';) 83 (9.10.7) 798.2 reads, "Carrier assumes all risks of -Medford, Grants Pass and Gold Hill 218 (776.1) 30 (87G.7) 788.3 frost, freezing or heating in transit." TABLE II. Excess All shipments under Option 2 carried a ^'""'"'eni ^""^ To'ooo I'oo ''3"oo oo' Earning tariff charge of $27 per car into dollar 63o'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.\'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.] 31485' i!oo 3ii.'83 .0395% rate territory; thus the Carriers made a 156 37,422 1.00 374.22 .2473% revenue when shipped under Option 2, '87 38,971 1.00 389.71 .2990% j r , . , -i i 822 40,689 1.00 400.89 .3563% and refused to accept any risk when T.»T>it.T.. .. , , „ shipped under Option 1, this regardless TABLE III. Present Rale Proposed Rale Recent - V^ , ... . ,, •' • , ,„„•«• Increase Pacific Pacific Minimum of the fact that the Original tariffs on Commodity in Value Norlhuiest Northwest Weigh! the dollar rate aSSUmed thc risks as part Lumber 70% '" $".'^3""' '" S'ts"" 'Tone" of their charge as a common carrier. Sheep 300% 1.08 1.15 None When the heater tariff Went into effect wit:;:;:::::::::::::::::::;;::::::: ??2| ':5!! '■^, nZ u provided a heater charge under Flour 150% .57% .63Vi None Option 2 as far ea.st as Chicago, but the Pefrs and other' soft fruYts: ;:;::;:;;:;; Noife 1.25 iil% ^8% Eastern llnes declined to participate in Apples None 1.00 1.25 31410 17?/^% Continued on iiage 22 Page 4 BETTER FRUIT July Berger & Carter Company MANUFACTURERS AND JOBBING DISTRIBUTORS OF Equipment and Supplies for the Food Preserving Industries Home Offices: 17th and Mississippi Streets San Francisco, Cat. Division Offices: Los Angeles Portland Seattle Hydraulic Cider Presses Windfalls, culls and undergrades make valuable food products when made into cider, cider vinegar, apple butter, jelly, etc. Apple waste can be turned into profits with little labor and expense by using improved Mount Gilead equipment. There is big money made in custom pressing, Some, by using the press here illustrated, are clearing $1200.00 a season. We build complete cider press ^ outfits in sizes from 10 to 400 bbls. daily- Hand or power. Our cider presses are the result of 40 years specializing. They have taken highest awards at all the big ex- positions. Our catalogs contain valuable information. Copies free ^ on request. THE HYDRAULIC PRESS MFG. CO., 60 Lincoln Avenue, Mount Gilead, Ohio WESTERN AGENTS: The Berger & Carter Co., 17th and Mississippi Sts., San Francisco, Cal. Insulated ivith CaboVs Quilt. Cabot's Insulating "Quilt" More Efficient than Cork Board AS PROVED BY THE United States Government Bureau of Standards Tests Quilt costs only one-fifth to one-seventh as much as cork board. It is a cushion of dead air spaces. It is thoroughly sanitary — will not get foul or rot, nor harbor insects or vermin. It is fire-resistant, easy to lay and permanent. Send for sample of Quilt and prices. SAMUEL CABOT, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Boston, Mass. Northwestern Distributors S. W. R. DALLY, Seattle TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Portland THOMAS G. BUSH & CO., Spokane ■ ■^^■■■■■■■■■■■¥l VI ■IIIIIIWIF Fifty-nine Years of continuous service to the Northwest is the record of this pioneer bank. Today, as always, it bears the reputation of being at once conser- vative and progressive —a wise combination. We solicit accounts, either personal or bus- iness. Ladd & Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON ....■■■■■■«..»««.1««|1H1111111111JJ. BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are I lie Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTE21 use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Orchard Irrigation Question in the Pacific Northwest [Editor's Note — This article was written by Mr. Allen when superintendent of Umatilla Ex- periment Farm. Mr. Allen is now agriculturist on reclamation projects.] THE methods and practices involved in tlie irrigation of orchards in the Pacific Northwest, wliere a wide range of soil, topographical and cli- matic conditions exist, are continually undergoing changes and improvements. The destructive and costly system of clean cultivation has at last given way to systematic cropping of orchard soils witli legumes which produce profitable crops and are valuable as soil builders. This change in soil treatment created a demand for difTerent methods of irri- gation in numerous instances, and forced upon many districts more eco- nomical use of irrigation water. These changes all appear to be to the best interest of the fruit industry, as with each change has come better and more economical practices. There are three phases of the opera- tion of irrigating an orchard properly, all of which directly influence the suc- cess of the fruit grower. They involve (1) supplying the trees and fertilizer crop with water in correct amount and at the proper time; (2) handling the water in the manner best suited to the water-holding capacity, slope and character of the soil; and (3) economy in the amount of water used and efii- ciency of labor involved in irrigating. When clover and other crops are planted in orchards it must be with a realization that they require a liberal supply of moisture, and provision must be made to supply a sufllcient amount to satisfy the needs of the fruit and clover crop. To fail in this results in heavy loss of fruit and unsatisfactory growth of the fertilizer crop. A common error in irrigating or- chards is to make the first application of water too late in the spring. This frequently results in the dropping of much fruit; not infrequently the entire crop falls, soon after it is set. Drouth frequently occurs between irrigations where improper care is exercised. Superficial examination of the soil, or an endeavor to judge from the appear- ance of the trees when they require water, does not convey a correct under- standing of the conditions under wjiich the trees are working. The first prac- tice might result in irrigation being applied prematurely, thus resulting in waste of water and time. The second practice invariably results in a measure of drouth existing before the trees show signs of distress. Ordinarily irrigation should be applied before the soil begins to fall apart after being pressed firmly together in the hand, lis falling apart indicates an insuflicient quantity of water present to hold the soil particles together, which in turn indicates a scarcity nearly critical to plant growth. Since trees feed to considerable depth, it is important to know that sufficient moisture is present at all times to the full depth of the roots. It is important to irrigate while the soil is yet moist. By R. W. Allen, Hermiston, Oregon for then it takes up the water more readily and more uniforml.\' than when it becomes dry. The air in a dry soil gives way slowly to the entering water, thus rendering irrigation much slower than if there is moisture jjresent. Three causes appear to influence the late use of water. Insudicient atten- tion is paid to the conditiiui of the soil to determine when irrigation should be applied. The occurrence of light show- ers which do not materially influence the amount of soil moisture is often considered proof that irrigation is not necessary. Inadequate facilities for hastening the operation of irrigating frequently results in a portion of the land becoming badly in need of water before it can be reached. This results from beginning too late, or from using too small a head of water. Consider- able loss of fruit has occurred from early drouth, and will continue to oc- cur until earlier irrigation is practiced. This is particularly true where small irrigation streams are used. Larger quantities of water run together would permit the work being rushed, whereas it cannot be hurried with a small stream of water. The time to irrigate varies so much for different types of soil, and the ex- tent of crop growth, that the practice for each orchard or portion of an orchard becomes a problem in itself. Land upon which heavy vegetable growth is taking place can be irri- gated later in the fall than under con- ditions influencing the removal of little moisture from the soil. Trees carrying heavy crops of fruit should be kept well irrigated up to picking time. They are seldom injured by late irrigation unless it is excessive, as their energy is largely devoted to maturing fruit rather than the growth of branches. When rapid growing trees reach the age at which they should begin fruit- ing they should be caused to grow slowly, by proper manipulation of the irigating to influence the formation of fruit buds. The frequency at which water should be applied to orchard soils depends upon the amount they are capable of storing, the extent of loss by evapora- tion and the quantity required by the crop, ^\^len the capacity of the soil to retain moisture is small, as it is in coarse or shallow areas, the length of time it can maintain normal crop growth is proportionately less than for a soil having greater storage capacity. Orchards on coarse, sandy soil require irigation at intervals of ten to fifteen days during the active growing season. Those on silt and clay loam soils of adequate depth require two to four irri- gations a year. One irrigation in May or .lune might suffice on very retentive soils, but it is better practice to irri- gate oftener and use less water at each irrigation. In this way a more uniform moisture content of the soil is main- tained. Where orchards are found to require irrigation at intervals of two, four or six weeks, it is reasonable to expect that they would require irriga- tion at approximately half this period when two full crops are drawing from Kioiui. 1- 111) Sli.illuw furrows are desirable for row crops and f"i- starting clover or all'alfa. ( '• ) Shallow furrow on left, and comparatively deep furrow on right, showing r\lcnt of surface wetting of the soil when water has run for the same time in each. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT July riGi-Rr; 2 — Incomplotp distribution of water to the roots of trees. The furrows stinuUI be placed evenly over tlie ground, as all space about trees of this age is occupied by tile feeding roots. the supply. This point is being over- looked at the present time, or is not fully appreciated by many .^rowers, who are j^Iocing clover or alfalfa in their orchards. If water is not applied frequently enough, numerous unde- sirable condilions occur, such as fall- ing of fruil, cessation of growth, which is followed by second growth when irrigation is applied, and weak growth of shade crops. The second growth which fre(|uently occurs on dry trees irrigated during the summer appears late in the fall and causes the ends of the branches, and not infrequently the entire tree, to suffer from freezing in winter. The fact that numerous orchards are permitted to become in need of moisture between irrigations indicates that fruit growers are frequently un- familiar with the moisture conditions of the soil, or are neglectful of know- ing definitely the conditions under which the trees are working. This condition appears to be more pro- nounced since clover and other crops have been planted in the orchards than formerly; however, much loss has oc- curred from drouth in orchards that were considered to have an adequate supply of moisture retained by means of systematic clean cultivation. The proper amount of water to apply de- pends upon the capacity of the soil to absorb and retain it. It is advisable to apply as much at each irrigation as the soil, to the depth from which the crops are capable of feeding, will hold with- out loss by drainage. This quantity varies from approximately three inches in depth of water on sandy soil to eight or more inches for silt or clay. The capacity of a soil of any type is influ- enced by its depth; therefore, the amount of water to apply must be de- termined by experience for each tract of land. The method employed for applying water to the soil exerts a decided in- fluence upon the cost and efliciency of irrigating. Whenever possible large heads of water should be used. A great saving in water and labor would result in numerous orchards of the Pacific Northwest if ten to twentv-five times as much water were used for one-tenth to one-twenty-flfth the time that is now used to do the irrigating. The time and detail necessary to irri- gate by means of furrows can be greatly reduced in the average orchard by using borders, or sloping checks, and flooding the surface. (For an ex- planation of this method of applying irrigation water see Hood River Ex- periment Station Circular No. 1, page 7; and Umatilla Experiment Farm Cir- cular No. 3, both of which can be ob- tained at he Oregon Agricultural Col- lege.) The method of applying water is necessarily influenced to a great ex- tent by the size of available irrigation head; however, this can usually be in- creased to advantage by neighbors using the same stream in rotation in- stead of each taking a continuous flow. It is also influenced by the character and slope of the lanil and the cropping system pursued. Moderately sloping land having a covering of clover or alfalfa can be flooded, while clean cul- tivated land requires furrows ranging from numerous and small for sandy land to deep and few for heavier soils. Steep slopes usually can be irrigated satisfactorily by means of deep contour furrows. Deep furrows are preferable for most clean cultivated soils, as a minimum of surface soil becomes wet while irrigating. (Figure 1.) ^^^len furrows are used they should be evenly distributetl to insure against irregular wetting of the soil. (Figure 2.) The conservation of soil moisture is greatly fostered by systematic and thorough cultivation. This is important, whether the land is clean or in such crops as alfalfa. The fertility of the soil has a marked influence upon the water requirements of crops, hence it is important for this reason, as well as that of adequate growth of the crops, to keep the soil in a fertile condition. Not only does the water contained in fertile soils give better results on ac- count of the heavier load of dissolved plant-food materials that it carries, but soils made rich by the use of legumi- nous crops, or other organic fertilizers, are capable of holding much more water than similar soils in a depleted condiliiin. To maintain a high state of fertility in the soil as a practice of water economy, and to create a uni- form demand for water each year a rotation system of cropping is very essential. Instead of i)lacing clover in the entire orchard at one time, thus creating a heavy demand for water for a few years followed by a slight de- mand in years that clean culture is practiced, a portion of the orchard should be kept in crops and a portion in clean culture by changing at inter- vals of two to four years. Kill "Barley Taste" by Using Cooking Soda Let the soda keep company with the bread board the next time you make your barley bread, and you won't have the family exclaiming, "Oh, if only barley didn't have that queer taste." One teaspoon of soda with six cups of flour will counteract that bitter acid taste to which so many persons object, it has been found in experiments made by home economics workers at the Uni- sity of Wisconsin. The taste, it is said, varies with the different brands of flours. Most of the flours which are being milled now con- tain more of the outer coat of the grain than they did last summer, and conse- quently have a somewhat stronger flavor than the flours used earlier. Adding a small amount of cooking soda to the dough destroys the taste. The Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Association has closed its pools for the 1917-18 crop, showing an average of .fl.33 per box to the grower for all kinds, grades and sizes of apples. Give our boys in the Army and Navy every fighting chance. Pledge your- self to save to the utmost of your ability and to buy War Savings Stamps. "All the resources of the country are hereby pledged" — now is the time to work them to the limit. Protect your soldiers with your savings. WE NEED a first-class packing- house foreman for work on large Colorado fruit ranch. August 15th to November 15th; mostly apples. Must know his business absolutely and be a hustler. Must furnish references. Box A X, care Better Fruit. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1918 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" Tpi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Scientifically Pruning and PoUenizing the Bing Cherry SEVERAL years ago wo were all talking frost proteclioii; and then a few years later the topic was changed to marketing. Now the cur- rent has drifted to pruning and pollen- izing. That is the reason for the topic chosen for this article — jusl to he up to date and in fashion witli the cherry crowd. The only claim tn originality here is in substituting "Bing" for "cherry." That was done to avoid plagiarism; but what is said in the fol- lowing will generally ajjply to the other commercial varieties as well at to the Bing. If you kill a toad your cow will give bloody milk. This bit of boy philoso- phy is about on a par with the popular notion of pruning a cherry tree. Thir- teen years ago I planted ten acres of cherries; and being a college product I was of course somewhat ignorant. I asked scores of people whether to prune cherry trees, and the verdict was almost unanimous against it. I did some pruning from the first, but shared in the general superstition about the dire evils to follow the cutting of a limb. For years the only severe prun- ing I did was like the horse doctor with his new medicine — on something "as good as dead." To my great sur- prise nearly every tree, no matter how bad the condition, came out and made a healthy, vigorous tree. To rejuvenate a sick tree is one of the great benefits of pruning the cherry. In these cases I sacrifice form for vigor — cut away half or sometimes three-fourths of the tree, leaving the branches which show best growth of twigs, and disregard- ing the form, as that will remedy itself when growth begins. Several of our best trees now have at some time "gone light," as the poultryman says of a hen. The pruning, of course, is only a part of the treatment, but the most impor- tant special part. In addition to helping sick trees, I prune for shape of the tree, for vigor and for size of the fruit. A cherry tree will become too tall for profitable handling as a commercial proposition; so the\- must be kept down to reason- able height. Most trees should be within the reach of a ten or twelve- foot ladder. In case of a full crop, and by keeping hollow centers, a large part of the croj) can be picked from the ground and the bulk. of it from short ladders or steps. A hollow toj) and wide-spreading tree is the onl>' form for a cherry. But do not understand that form is a result of pruning alone. Form is dependent as much or more upon the plant food availal)le and upon the room — that is, the siile brandies and foliage have the full sunlight. The natural shape of a younu well-fed Bing tree is not that of a young Bartlett or Rome Beauty, as some have suiiposed. The spread will keeij pace with the height, and llie form fend to that of a ball. If the horizontal twigs grow one foot while the top grows two feet, the round form is maintained, making two By E. Bowles, Prosser, Washington feet spread for two in hei,:;lit. Where this proportion is not maintained it is either shortage of available food in the soil or obstruction to the free, full day's sunlight on the side foliage. But this ideal condition does not exist in most cases — semi-starvation for both food and sunlight being the conmion condi- tion. In these cases, especially the ex- treme ones, the growth is on the top — merely a stationary base with a story added each year. And these are the cases where the knife must be used severely to overcome the deformity. The method of pruning must vary greatly from that for the apple. Make as few cuts as possible — cut one large branch rather than a dozen small ones. Often I cut out a six-inch branch; and usually two to four big cuts will cure an old neglected tree. I have done some clipping for several years, but am still somewhat skeptical in regarears, yet no other question is of iTHjre importance to the cherry grower. I have heard of no orchard that was planted with any thought on the subject; and the suc- cessful orchards are mere accidents by having seedlings or otht r inferior sorts mixed in. It seems that our three lead- ing varieties — Bings, Lamberts and Hoyal Anns — do not cross pollenize; and the only way is to have some in- ferior sorts in the orcliariiips thoroughly thereby cuttin''^ down labcfr cost. Money and trouble are.S3iLe.d_l)e£Mise of their low freezing qualities. ^-^ learning: If your work is dohe^with any other powder or dynamites, the changes are it will not be done as well as with eitKec-of — the two Giant brands: Eureka Stumping or Giant Stumping. Look for the Giant trade- mark on every case, and be sure of the genuine, How to make the farm pay more money is explained in "Better Farming." This big free book, fully illustrated, will be sent you as soon as we receive this coupon. THE GIANT POWDER CO.,Coo. "Everything for Bkunng" Home Office: San Francisco Branch Offices: Denver, Portland. Salt Lake City, Seattl«», Spokane / 202 THE GIANT POWDER '^O., Con., First National Bank Bldg., San Francisco Send me 52-pagc illustrated booklet "Better Farming. " I am especially interested in (please check) D Stump Blasting □ Ditch BUsting □ Sub«oil Blasting D Boulder Blasting D Tree Bed Blasting O Road Making Name Addrcss__ 1,4 teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 cup milk, 1 egg. I tablespoon fat. The only dilfcrcnce is tli< substitution for the wheal flour. Everythin;; else reniiiins the same. You can change all ' f your recipes in a similar \Nay. fWOn COMRIXATIONS VI- SUBSTITUTES You will get belter resulls if you mix two substitutes than if you us« just one alone. Some good combinations air Rolled oats ^ Corn flour (ground) or or Hice flour Barley flour or (u- - and Potato flour Buckwheat flour or or Sweet potato Peanut flour flour or or Soy-bean flour J Corn meal C.l UTIONS 1. AH measurements should standard measuring cup is cqu 2. The batter often looks too times too thin, but you will have measured as given in the will be good after baking. .3. Bake all substitute mixln and longer. ■I. Di-op biscuits are better biscuils, when substitutes arc o. Pic crusts often do not n to he pallcil in to the pan. Ti cbilliug before bilking. be accurate. A :il to a half pint. thick, and some- llnd that if you table the result res more slowly than the rolled used. II well and have hey do not need They also serve who buy War Sav- ings Stamps — if they save and buy to the utnio.st of their ability, and buy in time. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT ^X^e make m^ labels witli a jmrpos'G^ ^Js;^ ?*■< m PROPERtY AI^TIS'TICAUY PtA>(KED EXECUTED appealing lecturer that attract the con^tunni' attention and remain ZiS a .f ymbol of your /rniti' quality lon^ aftei* it i^ eaten Send ibr fama/or — ihey {e{{ iko s-forv Main OfTxce Si Tac+oa-v 2f t:\inm\S\s. tchmidt i^i^MMS Honolulu ^B!^^^M^S^^^?wl!Sm^P^i English Walnut Industry in the Northwest By Knight Pearcy, Salem, Oregon THE rnilcd States annually imports between 45,000.000 and 55,000,000 pounds of walnuts. These come from France, Italy and China, largely, the latter country selling us some 7,000,000 pounds of the so-called "Man- cuhrian" walnuts; California produces between 20,000,000 and 30,000,(100 an- nually, all of which is consumed in this country. Oregon produced between 70,000 and 100,000 pounds in 1917. The three Pacific Coast States are the only ones in the United States that can pro- duce the Engli-sh walnut commercially. California has in bearing some 35,000 acres, with 20,000 non-bearing; Oregon has a total of about 0,000 acres, a small per cent of which is in full bearing. Washington acreage is nmch smaller than Oregon's. We are often asked if walnut culture is not still in the experimental in Ore- gon. There are less than 100 acres over twenty years in age in this region, and yet the performance of this small acreage has been such as to encourage the planting of some 0,000 additional acres. There can be no doubt that the walnut is here to stay and that the time will come when it will rank in connnercial importance with the apple, prune and loganberry. While the wal- nut is grown successfully in every county in the Willamette Valley and in some, if not all, of the counties of West- ern Washington, there are nevertheless certain very marked limitations to its culture in these regions. Greater care must be exercised in selecting the site of a walnut grove than is necessary with most other orchards. The walnut grows to be a very large tree, and to nourish it properly and to anchor it securely its roots must spread far and deep. Hence a fairly deep soil is necessary for the best re- sults. The soil should be retentive of moisture but well drained, for this is a tree that refuses to do well when its feet are wet, especiidly when it is growl- ing on its own root or that of the Cali- fornia black walnut. In draws and July other i)laces where the water table stands high in tiie winter months it is considered good practice to plant trees that are woiked on the American black walnut root. However, where any con- siderable area of the prospective nut orchard has a high-water table it had better be avoided. It is on plantings on poorly-drained soils that "Die-back" is most common. Professor Barss of Oregon Agricultural College, in an ad- dress at a recent meeting of the West- ei'n Walnut Association, explained that among the causes of "die-back" are wet soils in spring. Wet soils prevent sufTi- cient air from entering the soil, which hinders spring foliation. Proper ab- soriJtion of water and plant foods will not take place unless there is a certain amount of air in the soil about the roots. In this case water transpires more rapidly from the upper part of the tree than it is absorbed by the roots. The inner parts of the tree get first chance at this water and the tips get what is left, and as a consequence many of them die back because of in- sufiicient water. Frost is the most important limiting factor to walnut culture in Oregon. Locations subject to late spring and early fall frosts should be avoided. The heavv frost that hit the Willamette Valley in September, 1916, cost those growers who did not have proper air drainage two crops of walnuts. It froze all the nuts on the trees at the time and injured the fruiting buds for the following season to the extent that there was a very light crop in 1917. Other plantings located with due re- spect to air drainage were uninjured. It is because of the better frost protec- tion of the hills that the bulk of the plantings of the state are there planted. Yamhill County has over 50 per cent of the walnut acreage of the state. Wash- ington, Marion and Polk, next to Yam- hill, have the largest plantings. The larger part of the plantings of these counties is in the hills. Generally speaking any land that is suitable for prunes is suitable for wal- nuts, provided that the soil is deep. The prune, however, will thrive on more shallow soils and will stand a higher water table. The same points that must be considered in deciding between a valley location and a hill one for prunes must be considered in the case of walnuts. In favor of the valley lo- cations the following points are ad- vanced. The heavier, more retentive and generally richer soils will produce a larger tree with more bearing surface and will grow a tree to a size capable of bearing commercial crops at an earlier age than is possible under hill conditions. The yield per acre, where other conditions are equal, will gen- erally be greater as long as frost does not hit. However, one frost in ten years might more than equalize the in- creased profits of the heavier bearing lowland trees. It is more difiicult to find proper depth of soil in the hills. The soils of these sections are generally less retentive of moisture, and as a con- sequence the trees are less likely to attain the great size of those valley IQiS BETTER FRUIT Page II grown and will not reach a size neces- sary to bear commercial crops at as early an age as do the latter. While the main point in favor of hill orchards is the freedom from frosts it should be borne in mind that the mere fact of being located in the hills does not nec- essarily guarantee thai there will be an immunity to frost, as there are frosty locations in the hills as well as in the valleys. The walnut is generally planted with fillers. The Italian prune is the best filler for the Willamette Valley. It thrives on the same types of soil, its fruit can be dried in the same drier that drys the walnut, it forms a compara- tively small tree and comes into bear- ing relatively young, yielding a profit before the nuts begin to bear heavily. Its fruiting season precedes that of the walnut, so that there is no cempetition for labor between them, and the help can be given continuous work, going from the prune harvest to that of the nuts. The cherry, the pear and the apple make poor fillers. The filbert, however, shows signs of making an ideal filler. It comes into bearing as early as the prune and its crop is har- vested and out of the way before the Vt'alnut crop is ready, and it endures shade better than most other trees. The filler shoukl be removed as soon as the walnut tree begins to crowd. On hill soils the nut trees are usually planted on fifty-foot centers on the hex- agonal plan, with fillers set between, giving three fillers to every nut tree. On heavier soils sixty feet is none too great a distance. With solid plantings (plantings without fillers) the trees arc often planted a little closer together. One of our leading growers spaces his trees at forty-foot intervals. He real- izes that at maturity these trees will be too crowded to give maximum returns, but since he does not expect to live forever he figures that he will receive a greater average annual income per acre during his lifetime than he would were he to plant at fifty or sixty feet. The age at which this tree comes into bearing varies greatly. The variety, the manner of cultivation and prnning and heading and other factors all have a bearing on the time at which a tree will start fruiting. Some trees do not start bearing until ten or twelve iiears old, while others bear much younger, (irafled trees average younger in com- ing into fruiting because no tree is considered worthy of propagation un- less it has this character of earliness of fruiting. We know of two oirhards, one a grafted one and (he other part grafted and part seedling, each of which yielded sixty pounds pei- acre at seven years of age. Another L!.")-acre i)iece of seedlings, when seven, eight and nine years old (it had trees of these three ages) yielded r),OflO pounds, and a year later 6,000 ])(nmds. Theie were 'seven- teen trees per acre here with no fillers. Another orchard at seventeen years yielded 400 pounds on seven acres, at twenty-one years two Ions and at twenty-five years 1,000 pounds per acre. This planting was given poor care for years, but during the last few years has been well caied for, which care is rellected in the increased yields. A prominent grower in the Dundee district, which is the leading producing district of the slate, estimates that the average production per aire Ihere, with orchards ranging between fifteen and twenty-four years of age, to be about 800 pounds per acre. However, he says that 25 i)er cent of the trees (it is a seedling district) do not yield enough to pay expenses and should be top worked with scions from good bearing trees. This would bring the average yield up close to 1,000 pounds per acre. These nuts sell ordinarily at from 14 to 17 cents per pound, but the last year the growers there received 20 to 25 cents. There are no mature grafted orchards in the state, but it seems reasonable to figure that proper varieties of grafted trees should yield somewhat more heavily than these seedling orchards. In California, where both types of trees have been grown alongside for years, the grafted ones have so performed that most of the new plantings being set out are of this type of tree. The newcomer to the nut game will hear a great deal of confiicting talk re- garding the relative merits of the seed- ling and the grafted orchard. A brief sketch of the history of the English walnut on the west coast of America may be of interest while on this sub- ject. The very first walnuts planted in Western America were of the hard-shell type, small thick-shelled nuts, that were planted in Southern California by the early Mission fathers. In 1807, a Cali- fornian, Joseph Sexton by name, pur- chased a sack of nuts, supposedly from Chile, on the Frisco market and planted them in Southern California. Of the 250 trees that he brought to a bearing age from these nuts, sixty produced nuts of the paper-shelled type, the remainder ])roducing hard shells like the parent nuts. These soft-shell nuts, being so supei'ior to their hard-shell parents, were i)lanted in the nursery. When the resulting seedlings came to bear they were found to produce nuts of all types from hard shell to paper shell. Among Ihese t>pes was one in- termediate between the hard shell and the paper shell. It was called the Santa Barbara soft shell. Seedlings grown from Ihese soft-shell seedlings gave rise to the great walnut industry of South- ern California. A great deal of variation was appar- ent among Ihese seedlings trees, some bearing heavier crops of better nuts than others. Many of the growers planted seed from these superior trees, but while this pi'ocedure gave a better average of desirable trees than where the seed was taken indiscriminately in the oichard, yet the variation in the resulting trees was too great and too few of the trees proved to be as good as their i)arents. Hence some of the better growers began llie practice of producing trees by giMlting seedlings with scions taken from the best trees in the orchards. In this manner they obtained trees lliat rclidned the char- acters of the parent tr; s. In this way Placentia Perfection, Prolific, EI Monte AreYou still chained ,to water ^buckets? If you were actually (Jiained to water buckets, your es- cape Would be just as hopeless as it is today if you con- tinue carryitig water from adistant well or cistern, Thouands o( homes nave cut loose from this old custom and are en- loying the conveniences afforded through installine a VI VERS HYDRO PNEUMATIC \,^=^^ PRIVATE WATER S^'STEM for bath, kitchen, laundry and other purposes, MYERS PUMPS come in many styles and >;i£«s — and meet the requirements of any home. Simply constructed eas- ily installed, they furnish a dependable water supply. You are interested in these wonder- ful luboruvinE pumps. K> our Caialo|; ^ttUHing jlUrylciilioiild be in your hands Write for it loday *nd cut out wolcr drudei'T Just EEJIYERS4BR0. ^Z^^Zlmo Make tnore Moitey Pull bi ^ stumps ky hand Clear your stump land cheaply — no dl[;;^i;ig, no expense for teams and powder. One man with a K can rip out any stump that can be pulled with the best inch steel cable. Works by icveraf^- — same principle as a jack. R-0 pound pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the stump. Made of (he finest steel — guaranteed against breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. HAND POVVEft, Stump Puller Write tod;iy for special offer und fric booklet on Land Clearing. Walter J. Fitzpatrick Box 664 . iv 182 Fiftn Jtreot ""■^^vi^ Sun Francisco - California and otluM- largely grown California variftii'S originated. All of the trees of each of tliese varieties trace their ancestry hack to a single tree which was propagated from because of its superiority over other seedlings. In each case the i)arcnt tree was a seed- ling. Most of the new plantings in both California and Oregon are of grafted trees. Few well-inforincil growers are reconinicnding the planting of scea- lings. However, the mere fact that one Continued on page 19 Page 12 BETTER FRUIT An Illuslialcd Magazine Devoted to the Interests of -Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Publislied MoTilhlv l).v Better Fruit Publishing Company •107 I.iiiiilHT Exchange PORTLAND, OREGON Diversified Horticulture. — Recent de- velopments indicale that the horticul- ture of the Pacilic Northwest is becom- ing more and more diversified. As an indication, the recent demand for Black Currants for jam purposes and the re- cent activities of the quartermaster's ofTice of the army in jjurchasing dried fruits and vegetables indicate a devel- opment along divcrsilied lines. The operation in Oregon alone of over thirty canneries and evaporators means that we are producing a great variety of horticulture plants, all of which is indicative of a very wholesome devel- opment of our horticulture. We have become world famous because of the excellence of our apples, pears and prunes. We bid fair to become equally as famous because of the excellence of our berries, including strawberries, loganberries, evergreen blackberries, red and black raspberries, red and black currants, also our walnuts, filberts, sweet cherries and a long list of vege- tables especially adapted for evapora- tion and canning. Truly we are rich and our horticulture is bound to ever increase and to become a more and more important factor in our agricul- tural development. Fruit Expor*- — The war has paral- yzed to a lart'e extent our export trade of fruit. It is gratifying to know that the Ollice of Markets in the United States Department of Agriculture has been investigating the Oriental market as a future outlet for our fruits. We shall look eagerly for reports concern- ing such investigations. The Pacific Slope is very well situated for a devel- opment of an export trade not only with the Orient but likewise South America. Every elTort should be made at this time to study the South Ameri- can market and thus be prepared to utilize it at once as soon as the war is over. It will mean much to the apple growers of the Pacific Northwest if direct trade relations would be opened up between such ports as Portland and Seattle and South American ports rather than having to deal direct with New York, as is now the case. Let us ever be on the alert to establish new mar- kets and to strengthen the present out- let for our fruit. ROAD WORK I.S WAR WORK "Speeding up construction of good roads is an integral part of government war work. Efficient transportation is necessary to re- duce the margin between pro- ducer and consumer." — U. S. Food Administration. BETTER FRUIT The United Slates Department of Agriculliu'c, rcicignizing the value and importance of fertilizers as factors in the food supply of the nation, urges the fruit growers and farmers to estimate their fertilizer re(|uirements now and place their orders at once. This will enable dealers lo combine their orders into full capacity carload lots. Last year many fruil growers were late in ordering spring fertilizers, and did not receive them until after planting time, and some failed to get them at all. There was never a time when the use of fertilizers was so profitable as it is now, with every product of the soil bringing very high prices and also because of the shortage of labor. By using fertilizers intelligently fruit growers can largely increase their crop production. So we urge every fruit grower to place his orders early. The railroads are now being operated by July the United States Government, and by ordering early you will be co-operating with your government. It is also urged that bigger fertilizer bags be used. Bur- lap is growing scarce because of its in- creased use in the trenches and because of the shortage of shipping facilities, because the jute from which burlap is made is importe<,i.«..c.„ n«i.. ' Eyres Storage and Dist. Co.. Seattle, Wasli. Warehouses Only , ^'^i^^^ Transfer Co., Portland, Oregon planting.s in Yamhill County, in addi- tion to Newberg. These berries could be planted and developed to a very much larger extent in Oregon in locali- ties where soil is suitable for its growth, because we believe that the acreage in Oregon could be doubled with entire safety. Black Raspberires. — This article is being much more sought after in the Western country on account of the large acreage discontinued in the East, particularly in New York State and Michigan, and .some parts of Oregon are well suited for development. There is a large acreage in Yamhill County, but very little anywhere else in the state. Pears. — Oregon, and particularly the Willamette Valley, is very well suited for the horticulture of Bartlett pears, and quite extensive planting of this fruit would be a big addition to the canning industry, and also believe that they are about as good a crop as a hor- ticulturist could i)lant. Royal Anne Cherries. — There is a large acreage of this fruit available throughout the Willamette Valley, The Dalles, Hood River and various parts of Oregon. I believe there is approxi- nialcly enough of this fruit now in bearing, and coming into bearing, to take care of all the canner's needs. Strawberries. — The growing of this fruil has been largely discontinued throughout the state on account of various pests that destroy the plants, also on account of low prices prevail- ing some few years ago. We, however, believe there is money in the straw- berry business to the growers, pro- viding the right varieties are planted and developed. Of course everything depends on the proper soil for the proper fruit and intelligent advice along this line should be given by the people most interested, namely, the canner. Our plant at Newberg, namely, the Valley Canning Co., maintains a school for its growers where the growers meet and discuss matters of interest to the grower and horticulturist. This hall was built by the company and dedi- cated to its growers for this pin'pose. and we believe it is one of the best in- vestments the company could possibly make, and I would strongly advocate other companies following the same plan. Closely related to the fruit business is the vegetable business, in which I believe Oregon excels even more than it does in its fruit, and there are many thousand acres within the State of Ore- gon of the best vegetable land any- where in the world. Along the Colum- bia River, for one hundred miles, is the best vegetable-built land that I know of anywhere in the world, and they are loolc fey ^i^IGN Iti means full-powered, high-quality gasoline,— every drop! Be sure it's Red Crown before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) £SS ^wa ^oE^ ^Gasolitt& *fQmkiy 19 18 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 largely undeveloped, at least where the development alTccfs the farmer; this must be gotten to in some way. If this could be (lone it would add enormously to the population of the state, as I do not believe (hat the East would be able to compete with us on vegetable grow- ing, providing it was put on the proper basis. Our companies in which we are in- terested and are selling agents for are now selling all sorts of vegetables everywhere throughout the United States, and we have shipped many vege- tables and fruits to foreign countries. For instance, at this time we are mak- ing shipment of a small ((uantity of vegetables to Samarang, Java. There are many places in the world where vegetables such as string beans, car- rots, parsnips, turnips, boiled cabbage, sauerkraut cannot be obtained in the fresh state and are not now large users in the canned state, but it can be de- veloped. Again, it is our opinion that New York State, Michigan and several of the other states that used to be enormous producers of commodities for canning factories are gradually going out of the business, and will keep going out at an enoromus rate in the future, and I do not believe they can compete with this country on the growing of berries, neither do I believe that they can com- pete on the growing of vegetables. The horticulturist, vegetable gardener and farmer are indispensable to the canner. It nmst be that these people are on a basis where they can make money else it is true that the canning business would be valueless, and unless the people produce the stuff he cannot operate his plant. We are as nnich in- terested in his success as we are in the success of the plant, and we are look- ing at all times to find crops we can raise that will show us a profit and on which w-e will be satisfied to produce every year so as to make the business stable and solid. However, a canning business needs a large production; for instance, at our plant at Newberg we could use double the stufl" we have in production now, and the same applies to the plant at Eugene. Either of these plants could handle fifty to sixty tons of raw material per day; and it takes an enormous production to keep a plant like that going for a long season. These plants also represent a large investment and must be kept busy as many days in the year as possible in order to show returns, l)ecause it is necessary to handk' a wiile variety of products covering the season's opera- tion, and anything that Ukttkh Fruit can do to stimulate pro(hiction along the proper line should be very much appreciated by the canners, and we know it would be appri'ciated by the glowers. FISH!! FISH!! 100 lbs. salmon in brine, shipping weight 16.'5 lbs . $11.00 Smoked salmon, 20 lbs. net 3 25 Dried True codfish, 10 lbs 1 50 Ask for our fresh and cured fish price list. T. A. BEARD, 4322 Winslow Place, Seattle, Wash. Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C. Pearson Co.,inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South BIdg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON ELIABILITY E A R S o NAILS ("■ONOMY '" buying Is getting the vyv^i.-^ vyiTj. X ijggj value for the money, not always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS % \°T.%^iZk for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. behind the good is added value. Toucan rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATT^sFAPTTniV 'a assured by our .rt.ilor.rt.»^XlV^i-^ long experience In making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. RIGINALITY ^Z^HV^^^,^: tion. Imitation's highest hope is. to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L RHODES DOUBLB CUT , PBUNING SHEAR 520 s. DI RHODES MFG. CO. ISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. TTIE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. A Message ^or Fruit and Vegetable Growers We desire to get in touch with Fruit and Vegetable Growers in all parts /- r^ • * / °^ ^^ country in order to estabHsh or trUlt and ^^^^^ ^^^ VegetaWe Drying Plants for single firms that want to build new and up-to-date drying plants for themselves and with two or more Growers that would favor the con- struction of a drying plant on a co-operative basis. There are many millions of dollars worth of Fruit and Vegetables left to rotten on the ground and many more millions of dollars are paid in freight rates, tin cans and boxes that can and must be saved. We will invest some of our own capital, if you wish, as we are sure that it is to our mutual benefit, if you write us today for particulars. All information on this subject will be given cheerfully and free of charge. If you are n business for making the best profits write now. The A. A. A. Evaporator Manufacturing Co., Inc. 2371-7:^ iVIarket Street, San Francisco, California WHEK WRITING ADVERTISERS lli NTION BKTTER FRUIT Page i6 BETTER FRUIT July SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Return of Peace Means to Apple Industry By Gordon C. Corbaley, Executive Secretary Seattle Chamber of Commerce and Commercial Club THE General Manager of the North- western Fruit Exchange, Mr. W. F. Gwin, has furnished me with the best answer to the question involved in this article. He says: "I don't know. All precedents have been swept aside and rendered worth- less. We face an entirely new situa- tion, the complexion of which and the exact development of which no man can foresee. We have our opinions of how things are likely to develop, and that is all." The effect of peace on the apple in- dustry depends largely on the condition of business in the United States. Our Northwest apples are largely sold as a luxury, and are therefore peculiarly liable to business depression and hesi- tation. Nobody has any real idea as to what will be the exact condition of business during the first days following the com- ing of peace. It will be a period of hesitation and uncertainty. That will be because nobody will know what is going to happen. This uncertainty will be particularly marked because about half of the entire productive capacity of the United States will be devoted wholly to war purposes. The release of the billions of money and millions of employes from this war work will naturally make unsettlement. The period of hesitation and unsettle- ment is capable of almost any outcome. A great deal depends on the financial condition and the mental condition of the people. They perhaps will be so depressed and worried and scared that capital will run to cover, and we will have a smash. I, personally, do not think so. I be- lieve that the wide distribution of gov- ernment bonds will be one of the most valuable influences during these first few months of uncertainty. The return of peace will mean an immediate strengthening of the value of govern- ment securities. There will not be a boom in Liberty Bonds, but there will be an appreciable strengthening of value that will put confidence into the many millions of citizens who will have their liquid capital tied up in these securities. All that we will need as a people to bring us out of this period of uncer- tainty in an aggressive, forceful frame of mind will be a reasonable measure of encouragement. Once we are no longer in doubt business will go ahead more rapidly than ever, because we will have untold billions of capital available to invest in development in all parts of the war. I refer not only to the capital that has been engaged in war industry, but also to the many billions of capital that we will have stored up in govern- ment bonds. The whole world is on an inflated basis. I think that we are going to travel on an inflated basis for many years to come. That means high prices for everything, and high prices with plenty of money form the ideal condi- tions for our fancy-apple market. I think that Mr. Ford asked me this question with the idea of leading the way to a discussion of foreign markets rather than for the purpose of giving me an opportunity to discuss econom- ics. He knows our tremendous interest in Seattle in foreign trade, and he nat- urally judges that the foreign market is to become a constantly increasing fac- tor in the distribution of our boxed apples. The best analysis that I have been able to get of the general foreign situa- tion comes from our old friend, H. M. Mr. Fruit Grower: The 1918 apple crop will, in all probability, be the largest yet recorded. Also, there is certain to be the greatest scarcity of labor yet experienced, especially of experienced packers and sorters. With a CUTLER FRIUT GRADER you can teach inexperienced help to pack and sort and handle your crop quickly and at the least cost. We are giving discounts for early orders and shipments. WRITE NOW for circular and prices. CUTLER MANUFACTURING CO. New Address: 351 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon The Acme Fruit Picker Mr. Fruit Grower: ^.tlVl^Z'^'eV^,^^ season. The Acme Fruit Picker is worth its weight in gold as a labor saver. Works successfully on any tree fruit. Weighs less than three pounds; light and durable; made of the best mater- ial obtainable. The picker takes the place of heavy, burdensome stepladders and is so simple of construction that a child can operate it. Guaranteed not to injure the tree in any way, and with the zig-zag delivery chute it is impossible to bruise the fruit. Price $6.50 F. 0. B. Beiiingham, Wn. If not satisfied money refunded. Reference. Beiiingham National Bank. Beiiingham, Wn. Write for free descriptive circular. ACME FRUIT PICKER CO.,Mullin Hotel, Beiiingham, Wn. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FP.UIT Page 1/ Gilbert of the Yakima Valley, who says: "The world is going to be much more of a family of nations after the war. In rebuilding and reconstructing I look for a very active demand for fruit, as well as for all other food products. There will certainly be a big demand for labor and we shall have good times, I take it, nuich as they do when a city is rebuild- ing after a big fire. "This will be especially important on the Pacific, because Japan and China are now awakened and will want to trade with us more than ever. They will want all the modern improvements of railroads, electric machinery, and the other inventions of the West." When I spoke of the former foreign market for our apples as having been of little importance, I have in mind no disrespect to our export apple business or the men who are engaged in it. It is true, thus far, we have sent abroad only a small percentage of our fancy apples, say 5 to 10 per cent of the fancy and extra fancy stock, depending on the year. The foreign trade has been noth- ing but a saftely valve to help take the pressure off the domestic markets. This is not alone true of the apple business. It pretty accurately describes the condition of almost all American exports, except the great staples. As a people, we have used the foreign mar- kets to help have an outlet to make possible the furnishing of a more even supply to the really important markets within the country. After the war this will be different. The whole world has been brought closer together. The United States has become the financial and industrial center of the world. We have shown ourselves much too big to ever be able to again stay within our own boun- daries. We will certainly sell to the rest of the world and buy from the rest of the world in much larger vol- ume and in a much more direct way than we ever have in the past. Perhaps the greatest single influence in bringing that about will be the new American merchant marine now in process of creation as a wartime ne- cessity. At the beginning of the war we were forced to depend on the ocean trade channels of other countries. Very little business moved direct from the United States to distant lands, and hardly any ocean transportation was handled by American lines. Under the war shipbuilding program the United States by the end of 1919 will have as great a tonnage afloat in foreign trade as will Great Britain, and we will surpass Great Britain as a peace sea power, because more I ban 90 per cent of our tonnage will be government owned and available to be operated for the purpose of developing American trade lines to every coiner of the world. This will present an indeed fortu- nate situation for us, coming at a time when we will want to do Imsiness with every country in the world and every country in the world will want to do business with us. Now, just what will this mean to the apple business? In general terms, it ARCADIA America 's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from'Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate PleasantiSurroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON Perforated Tree Protector that will keep Spuirrels, Rabbits and Gophers from barking your trees and give perfect protection from hot sun. sand- storms, barking in cultivation, etc. Tell us your pest and we will tell you what kind of a wrap to use. We make a num- ber of kinds and can ^ say e e ve r y tree for you from pests. Collapsible PlatitingPots These pots are bottomless. This allows you to plant pot and plant, never disturbing your plant nor stopping its growth in transplanting a single hour. For starting early vegetables, such as Tomatoes. Cabbage, Eggplant, Cauliflower. Cucumbers, Cantaloupes and Squash; also for propagating Rose Cuttings, Geraniums, Eucalyptus and Conifers. It's the only practical pot on the market today for propagating work. Write us for samples of either Pots or Protectors. Tell us which you are interested in. THE EXPAN MFG. CO. 935 East Central Avenue REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones: Main 2348 A 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON Pittsburgh Perfect Cement (]]03tGCl NdilS are of the highest standard The Heads don't conic off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY. Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Pace i8 BETTER FRUIT July GROWERS! "Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit" STOP! THINK! "CARD FIBRE" Fruit Wrappers LOOKS BEST PACKS BEST PICKS UP BEST "CARO" DONT TEAR STRONG DRY STRONG WET THE BUYER KNOWS "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Don't Be Fooled by PRICE. Dont Be Penny Wise Give Your Fruit a Chance INSIST on Getting "Caro Fibre" Your Shipper Can Supply You, or Write to Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. F. B. DALLAM, Aeent Santa Maria Building, 112 Market Street San Francisco, Cal. The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND. OREGON True-to-Name Nursery ESTABLISHED 1902 Offers a general line of nursery stock, with a special offering of Anjou. Bosc and Bartlett Pears. These trees are grown with buds personally selected from bearing trees and are guaranteed "true-to-name." Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAIME NURSERY H. S. Galligan, Prop. Hood River, Oregon Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT, President and Manager Groweri and Shippers of Yakima VaUey Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON will iiK'iin an cnnrmoiis po.ssibilif)' for c.xpaii.sion that will dcpi'iid in a consid- crabk' incasuri' upon oinv being organ- ized lo lake advantage of it. It i.s dilTiciilt to say just what it will mean in terms of business with indi- vidual countries. At the present time we have praclically no export business. There is jilentx of demand for our fruit, but, for various reasons, we cannot get the fruit there lo sujjply the demand. Pros|)crous Eiiyland could use any quantity of small red apples and Yel- low Newtowns if the English govern- ment could be persuaded that our apples are not a luxury and would lift the embargo. The Scandinavian coun- tries and South America are literally crying for apples and offering all sorts of inducements, but there is practically no .ship space to be had. Australia, always heretofore a dependable outlet for our early Jonathans, is closed with an embargo. The individual markets open to our apples in the different countries will depend in a large measure on the con- ditions in those countries. Personally, I think that nearly all these markets will be favorable. Europe offers the largest question of doubt, because Europe is so intensely in the middle of the war that nobody knows what it is going to look like when the struggle is over. Personally, I believe that the releasing of men and capital from war occupations and the turning of government finances to the spending of anywhere from ten billion to twenty billion dollars in reconstruct- ing the damaged places will produce a condition of great activity. One element very much in our favor will be the fact that European orchards have been negelected during the war, and those that have not been entirely destroyed will show a low efTiciency in production. Another pleasant element will be found in Russia. Some day in the not distant future I^ussia is going to com- ])lete its own present occupation of blowing off steam accumulated during years of repression, and will move into a period of expansion and development that will draw much of the money and man power of the world, Russia will be a good market for our apples. Personally, I look for a tremendous expansion in the Orient and in Austra- lia. We will see a great outpouring of capital and of men to the new places of the world. That has come after every great war. The greatest new places of the world are Siberia, with its billions of acres of untouched resources, and China with its hundreds of millions of undeveloped labor reserves. Perhaps also in this list should be specifically included .\ustralia, which is due to expand, although not in as great a measure as Siberia and China. Australia, you will remember, is bigger than the United States, and is capable of some expansion and development, even if it does not approach Siberia, which is more than twice as big as the I'nited States. We of the United States are espe- cially interested in all the development around the Pacific, because Siberia and China will draw their supplies through the northwestern part of the Llnited States, and Australia is a market in which we have a direct interest. They take our low-colored early Jonathans that aie mighty hard to market any place else, and we wish they would iiave a period of development that would cause them to take many thou- sands more of them. As I look at this entire world situa- tion I find that it is impossible for me to be ijessimistic. Perhaps 1 am so con- stituted that it is not practical for me to be pessimistic very long at any time. But it is pretty hard for an American citizen to be ijessimistie at this time, when the cenler of the world is swing- ing to the Western Hemisphere; when we are about to become the old world and when Asia is about to become the new world. We Americans in this day of change and stress are getting a better under- standing of each other, and I believe we are going out collectively to serve the markets of the world. I believe that the question as to what foreign markets will mean to the boxed- apple business during the days imme- diately following the war will depend in a very large measure on our ability to organize collectively to develop these foreign markets in a big way. Big things will have to be done if we are to develop these markets rap- idly. Chances will have to be taken and some mistakes will be made. These chances will be much better taken and we will do business much more effi- ciently if all the big factors in the boxed-applc business will pool their foreign trade into one big export cor- poration. That is a lesson that the European nations learned before the war. It is a lesson that the war is teaching to America, The big factors in the apple business of the Northwest will please take notice. War Savings Stamps save lives. Biscuit, Using No Wheat Corn Flour Bisciiil. — 1 cup liquid, 2% cups corn flour, 3 tablespoons fat, 6 teaspoons bak- ing powder, 1 teaspoon sal. Appearance, good; lextuie, very dry and close, although not heavy; color, white; flavor, slight corn flavor; comment, most marly the appearance of wheat biscuit of any of the substitutes used. Suggestion. — If 1 '4 cups liquid are used the texture will be better, but it will have to be made as a drop biscuit. Corn Flour-KdUed Oat Biscuit. — Ground rolled oats .50 per cent, corn flour 50 per cent, 1 cup liquid, li, cups corn flour, 1 cup ground oats, 3 tablespoons fat, C teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt. Appearance, rough, but appetizing; texture, light; flavor, very good; color, sliglUly dark — attractive. Buy a farm in sunny, prosperous CALIFORNIA Learn all about land, water, soil, irrigation, crops, fruit markets, poultry, stock, churches and schools, cost of a home. Send 25c for six months subscription to FARM AND IRRIGATION, Dept. 8, San Francisco, Calif. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISEUS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 8 BETTER FBHIT Cooking Convenience All the convenience of gas — that is the meaning of a New Perfection Oil Cook Stove installed in your kitchen. Easy to operate. A touch of a match and in a jiffy your stove is ready for cooking. No smoke or smell; no dust or dirt. More convenient than coal or wood. Better and more economical cooking all the year round. A cool kitchen in summer. And you have all the convenience of gas. In 1, 2, 3 and 4 burner sizes, with or without ovens or cabinets. Ask your dealer today. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) NEW PERFECTION OIL COOK 5TOVE A New Perfec- tion Oil Cook Stovemeanskitch- cn comfort and convenience. Ask your friend who has one. Used in 3,000,000 homes. Inexpensive, easy to operate. See them at your deal- er's today. One Qiialty One Service One Price "REX quality" as Spray materials win the award of merit whenever tested. Our busi- ness is entirely the production of Spray materials. Yakima Rex Spray Company Wenatchee Rex Spray Company Payette Valley Rex Spray Connany Page ig The English Walnut, Etc. Continued from page 11 buys a jirafted tree does not guarantee that he is getting a superior tree. The grafted tree will be superior only in acse the tree from which the scions were taken was superior, for it will have the characteristics of the parent tree, whether they are good or bad. The point we wish to make is that a tree is not necessarily a superior one simply because it is a grafted one. A hundred grafted trees may be grown from scions taken from a single tree and the resulting trees will be quite uniform in all respects and will all have the same characteristics as the original tree, but if a hundred seedlings are raised from nuts taken from the same tree the resulting trees will show great variation in every respect. Some of the trees may be the equal of the parent tree, a few may be superior, but a large part of them are certain to be inferior. These inferior trees must be gone over and top worked with scions from good producing trees if the or- chard is to be made most profitable. It has been estimated by excellent authority that among the California seedling groves 25 per cent of the trees do not pay their keep, another 25 per cent just do pay and the remaining 50 per cent make what profit that is made. Arguments in favor of the seedling orchard are several. The initial cost of the trees is less. The question of pol- lination docs not have to be considered as it does in solid plantings of one vari- ety. There is less chance of a single frost nipping the whole crop because of the fact that the wide variation in blossoming time of the seedling will allow a certain per cent of the trees to escape. The Franquette is the most widely planted variety in the Northwest. It is an old French variety that has been grown in California for nearly half a century. It has been more thoroughly tested out untler our conditions than any other variety, and while it is not the ideal nut it is probably the best nut to plant under Western Oregon condi- tions. Without doubt the leadership of tiiis variety will in time be questioned by other varieties, some of which may now be growing as seedlings and others which may be already named varieties but which have not as yet been well tested out here. Our ideal nut should have the superior quality of the Fran- quette but should blight a little less, come into bearing a little younger and yield a little heavier, but in the present state of knowledge, we know of no other variety that we would plant in its stead. The Mayeltc is perhaps the second in impoi'tance of the named varieties grown in Oregon. However, Mayette seems to he more of a type than a variety, as sold by nurserymen at pres- ent. Thei'e is too much variation, par- ticularly in yield, in the various trees of liiis variety, although tliere arc some that seem to be of great i)roniise. It will probably not be largely planted until some of the best strain-- of the WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT July type are scgrcgaled and are propagated by reliable nurserymen. The question of pollination is one about which there is practically no accuralc information. It is not known for certain which varieties, if any, need the pollen of other varieties in order to set fruit. In i)lanting grafted varieties it is safer to plant more than one vari- ety in the orchard. There is one evi- dence that the Fianquette can be planted in solid blocks safely, but until this is established for a certainty it is a good i)olicy to plant at least ten per cent of some other variety with it. Of course, it is necessary to use for this purpose a variety that sheds its pollen at the time that the pistillate blossoms of the main variety are receptive. Con- trolled experiments are being carried on in some Oregon orchards this sum- mer that may throw some light on this important subject. There can be no doubt that a walnut orchard, properly planted in a suitable location and properly handled, is a good investment. It is, at the same time, possible to lose a lot of money by planting in poor locations and by using varieties un.suited to our conditions. The prospective planter should get as wide a variety of advise as possible be- fore planting. Don't bank too much on any one grower's statements nor on the record of any one grove. Sending Workers to France The commander of a Western camp who went abroad for a tour of inspec- tion and observation was never known for his enthusiasm about the athletic activities in his camp until he came back from France. Then he announced that until he was retired by the govern- ment, play was compulsory for the men in his command, whether the country was at war or peace. What this gen- eral saw in France has been described by Dr. Luther H. Gulick, head of the Y. M. C. A. committee on recruiting ath- letic directors for overseas service. "The winning of this war is as much in the hands of the athletic and physical directors of the Y. M. C. A.," says Dr. Gulick, "as it is in the hands of any other single group of men except the commanding generals. We have sent overseas recently such men as Dave Fultz of Brown, famous as an athlete in his college days and more recently as an official in important intercollegiate contests; Frank Quimby, known to all Yale men as a .successful baseball coach, who left his position at Andover to train regiments; Jack Magee, who brought athletic fame to that famous little Maine college, Bowdoin; Sparrow Robertson, newspaper man and expert in the construction of playgrounds, and scores of others of similar calibre. "But we are confronted with even greater problems than ever before. Our army in France is expanding rapidly. Those boys over there want as many of the things they had at home as we can give them. More than that, they want relaxation from the strenuous tasks im- posed on them. "When a man has been fighting for dayswithoutinterruption; has had prac- 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BAMK BLDG. PORTLAND. OREGON. E.5HELLEY MORGAN NORTHWESTERN ■' MANAGER APPLES PEARS ORANGES For European Distribution Boxed Apples and Pears a Specialty GERALD DA COSTA 100 & 101, Long Acre, Covent Garden, London, W. C. 2, England Cables: "Geracost, London." Codes: A. B. C. Sth Edition and Private Shipping Agents: Lunham & Moore, Produce Excfiange, New York THE GOLDEN GATE WEED CUHER Greatest Weed Cutter on the Market Today Cuts seven feet or less, weighs 230 pounds and is all made of steel. Tlie Golden Gate Weed Cutter is the greatest of its kind on the market. For workmanship, simplicity and durability it cannot be excfUed, as it does its work to perfection. Those wlio are using it say that no money could buy it if they could not get another. It not only cuts all kinds of weeds, but culti- vates the ground as well. One user said that it has saved him ?200.o0, as he did not have to plow after using. Write for free descriptive circular and list of testimonials from tJiose who have purchased machines and praise it in every way. Manufactured by C. C. SIGURD Capital Ave. and McKee Road San Jose, Ca|, EWBALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 When You Buy a Piano it Pays to Buy a Good One When you buy a Piano it is usually intended to last a lifetime. Therefore special care should be used in its selection. You should not be guided by cheap prices or special inducements. Pianos, like everything else are priced according to their intrinsic worth. If you do not possess expert knowledge of piano making you must rely greatly on the Piano Dealer. Therefore it is certainly to your interest to go to a dealer who has the reputation of car- rying only pianos of merit and true musical worth, who is known to price his pianos consistently, and who has only one price for everybody. We carry a number of well known makes, each the very best in their grade. Prices of new pianos range from $300 upward; good "used" pianos from $125 upward. If desired, we arrange convenient terms of payment. We invite you to call at any of our stores — or write us asking for illustrated catalogues and prices We are dealers in Steinway and other Pianos. Pianola Pianos. Aeolian Player Pianos, etc. Shermanl«lav& Co. Kearny and Sutter Streets, San Francisco Sixth and Morrison Streets, Portland Third Avenue, at Pine Street, Seattle 928-30 Broadway, Tacoma 808-10 Sprague Avenue, Spokane Stores also at Oakland. Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno, San Jose, Santa Rosa, Vallejo fei'^ ) SANITARY mOIT PICKER PICKS Fruit of all Kinds Quickly, Cleanly and Efficiently Don't buy a Step Ladder. Buy one of these FRUIT PICKERS and get all the fruit from the tops of your trees The Greatest Little Invention of the Age PRICE $4.50 Postpaid anywhere in the U. S. ADDRESS E. R. STODDART F= AX EM -TEE MARKESAN, WISCON v^lN tically no sleep and none too much to eat; hns been marching or running, carrying weight, helping to drag guns and the like; he has been doing work which makes football seem like child's play. And he wants to play football, or baseball, or anything that will get his mind away from the terrible scenes which he has witnessed. Under such conditions a man frequentlygoes wrong. It is natural that he should lose control of himself. The 'Y' is there to see that his relaxation is of the right kind. The physical director, thoroughly trained and with a big personality, can give invaluable service. "If we had all the trained men above draft age we still would be .short. We must therefore take men of very little training and experience and give them all the training we can in a short, in- tensive course. Then they go to France to direct mass athletics. The games in which all can take part are those most in demand on the western front. Box- ing is a blessing, and baseball is next in popularity. Thousands of bats and balls have been sent overseas, hundreds of mitts and gloves have been worn out, and, strange as it may seem, there is a constant demand for rule books." Dr. Gulick states that American ath- letics are becoming tremendously popu- lar in the French armies. President Poincare and Premier Clemenceau of the French republic have urged the Y. M. C. A, to send thirty directors to the French armies in the belief that their work will achieve wonderful re- sults in holding the morale of the poilus who have seen four years of hideous warfare. Loganberry Culture By J, P. Aspinwall, Brook. Oregon. The loganberry is not particular as to soil so long as it is not too flat and standing full of water. The richer and better drained the soil the heavier will be the yield, for it is a good feeder. The soil should be thoroughly prepared be- fore the plants are set out. Plowing in the fall or early winter is best, then re-plow and put in shape in the spring after the ground has dried sulliciently so it will not pack. Be sure and get good plants from a reputable grower, for it is very hard to get plants started after the first year, and a poor start is worse than no start at all. The plants are generally set eight feet apart each way with the rows running north and south, so the sun will get an even chance at each side of the row. Thor- ough cultivation should be kept up till the vines are too long to permit it any more. It is then a good time to set the posts and put on the wire. The posts are set four hills apart in the row and the end ones are anchored securely. Sfvon-foot posts are used, set two feet in the ground. Three No. 12 wires are generally used for a trellis, the first one being placed on top of the posts and the other two spaced one and two- thirds of the way to the ground. Some use only two wires where they do not get a good growth of vines, and don't put the top wire quite so high. In October or November the vines are WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT July trained on the wires and tlie ground plowed toward them, leaving a dead furrow between the rows for drainage during the winter months. In the spring the land is plowed away from the vines, being careful not to get the last furrow too deep, as that would injure the roots. Level cultivation is practiced during the summer to keep up as much moisture as possible. Keep the green shoots trained or tied in so they will not be injured while culti- vating. As soon as the crop is harvested the old canes should be taken out and in September or October the new vines trained onto the wires for the next year's crop. AUilU thing like being under Hre can't ttop then from taking a cheu) of Crauely! n'^-^i^' Proposed Increase, Etc. Continued from page 3. the tariff, and naturally protection is only afforded as far as Chicago. For the past two years the railroads have been unable to furnish sufficient refrigerator cars to handle the apple tonnage, forcing the shippers to use box cars. The carriers refuse to insulate or otherwise protect box cars and also decline to assume any risks in transit, accepting billing only under Option 1 or shipper's risk. During the period August 15 to December 15, 1917, the Northwestern shippers used 2,290 box cars, insulated them at their own ex- pense, in many cases sending messen- gers along with the shipments, again at their own expense, and paid the regular tariff rates, which contemplated refrig- erator cars when the rates were estab- lished. The industry is in a position where it cannot possibly stand another cent of increase. The growers are patriotic, and willing to do everything in their power to win the war, but they believe and know that the money which must be raised by freight increases must be raised from some commodity which can stand an increase — and apples do not come under that head. The proposed rates are not only con- fiscatory, but also discriminatory and unjust, as is conclusively sustained by a comparison with rates to be prescrilied on other products of this district, as shown in Table III, especially when increased values resulting from the war are considered. This proposed increase in freight rates will apply to everything the grow- ers use, such as nails, sprays, paper, etc., as in practically every fruit district on the Coast this is controlled in such a manner that the grower pays the freight. The lumber interests have been well organized and their rate will be in- creased but 5 cents per hundred, which is probably due to their splendid organ- ization. If it is through lack of organ- ization that the fruit growing industry of the Pacific Coast will practically be crippled, it is time for the fruit growers to wake up and to organize, so as to be able to meet such an emergency. Buy War Savings Stamps to the ut- most of your financial capacity, and then increase your capacity by saving more. When He Gets that Pouch ot Real GRAVELY Chewing Plug You Sent Him A man's first impulse is to share a good thing. Real Gravely Plug has been spread all over Amer- ica simply by the Gravely user offering a small chew to his friends. Tobacco like that is worth sending. It means something when it gets there. Give any man a chew of Real Gravely Plug,and he will tell you that's the kind to send. Send the best! Ordinary plug is false economy. It costs less per week to chew Real Gravely, because a small chew of it lasts a long while. If you smoke a pipe, slice Gravely with your knife and add a little to your smoking tobacco. It will give flavor— improve your smoke. SEND YOUR FRIEND IN THE U. S. SERVICE A POUCH OF GRAVELY Dealers all around here carry it in 10c. pouches. A 3c. stamp will put it into his hands in any Training Camp or Sea- port of the U. S. A. Even "over there" a 3c. stamp will take it to him. Your dealer will supply envelope and give you official directions how to address it. P. B. GRAVELY TOBACCO CO., DanvUlc, Va. The Patent Pouch keeps it Fresh and Clean and Good —it is not Real Gravely without this Protection Seal ELstablished 1Q31 i H The Choice of Those Who Know Manufacturers and leading mo- tor car distributors recommend ZEROLENE. The majority of motorists use ZEROLENE. ZEROLENE reduces wear and gives more power because it keeps its lubricating body at cylinder heat. Gives less car- bon because, being refined from selected California asphalt-base crude, it burns clean and goes out with exhaust. ZEROLENE is the correct oil for all types of automobile en- gines. It is the correct oil for your automobile. Get our lubri- cation chart showing the cor- rect consistency for your car. At dealers everywhere and Standard Oil Service Stations. I STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ZEROLENE TheSUuidard Oil for Motor Cars Correct Lubrication for the "V"-Type Engine This, the "V'-Type of auto- mobile engine, like all internal combustion engines, requires an oil that holds its lubricating qualities at cylinder heat, burns clean in the combustion cham- bers and goes out with exhaust. Zerolene fills these require- ments perfectly, because it is correctlj! refined from selected California aaphalt-beae crude. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ^^M CONVEYING CANNEDl COOOS INTO STORAGE I VOLUNTEERS ITS SERVICES Don't liire him offhand. Apply the most rigid test, and put him thru a severe examination. Learn what he has accomplished for others — what he can do for yoii. You will hire him — ,you will find him 100 per cent efficient — yoii will never let him go. He will prove to be the best employe that ever entered your service — a willing, faithful worker — a dozen m,en could not fill his job. Why Delay— Gravity will eventually be doing all the hard, laborious work around your plant, and it is to your interest to have this happy event take place as early as possible. Our illustrated catalog will tell you all about what GRAA'ITY under the guidance of our Standard Grav- itij Conrcijinfi Si/steiu!^ is accomplishing for the can- ning and packing industry. WRITE TODAY Minnesota Manufacturers' Association Office and Factory: North St. Paul, Minn. BRANCH OFFICES 39-41 roitlandt St... ..New York City 549 \V. Washington St Chicago 325 Ellicott Square Uuffalo 30 Euclid Arcade Cleveland 111 K. 4th St., Cincinnati lif[irescnliilii'cs in all principal Cities WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT The World Our Orchard PRIYATE SALEvs. AUCIN Experience has demonstrated clearly the manifold advantages of sale by private treaty, which method is now^ acknowledged on all sides to show more satisfactory results than the auction. Assuming that you are anxious to dispose of your fruit in the best possible manner and to the best possible advantage we, as PRIVATE SALESMEN, have no hesitency in laying our claim before you. Whether you prefer to sell your fruit on an outright f . o. b. basis or prefer to have it handled for your own account on a consignment basis, both of which methods are entirely agree- able to us, the fact remains that the firm of Steinhardt & Kelly 101 PARK PLACE NEW YORK is in position to give you the best possible service. O ur reputation of '^Never Having Turned Down A Car" although practically 90% of our business is done on an outright , purchase basis, is a record of which we feel deservedly proud. Our Market The World WHEM WRITING ADVERTISERS UENTION BETTER PRUXT BETTER FRUIT Volume XIII AUGUST, 1918 jSTumber 2 'I t-.V llK.I.^Nt ,\,., -M 1 r,»,iH-|» Co. A WELL KEPT FIELD OF LOGANBERRIES. Loganberries are becoming one of the most popular berries grown- netting the growers excellent returns. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, ORECxON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Sinsrle Copy 10 Cents ^^ CONVEYING CANNED! GOODS INTO STORAGE I VOLUNTEERS ITS SERVICES Don't hire him offhand. Apply the most rigid test, and put him thru a severe examination. Learn what he has accomplished for others — what he can do for you. You will hire him — you will find him 100 per cent efficient — you will never let him go. He will prove to he the best employe that ever entered your service — a willing, faithful worker — a dozen men could not fill his joh. Why Delay— Gravity will eventually be doing all the hard, laborious Avork around your plant, and it is to your interest to have this happy event take place as early as possible. Our illustrated catalog will tell you all about what GRAVITY under the guidance of our Standard Grav- ity Conveying Systems is accomplishing for the can- ning and packing industry. WRITE TODAY Minnesota Manufacturers' Association Office and Factory: North St. Paul, Minn. BRANCH OFFICES D. E. FRYER & CO., Lumber Exchange, Seattle, Wash. Paulson Building, Spokane, Wash. National Realty Building, Tacoma, Wash. Representatives for Washington, Idaho and Montana, and TIMMS, CRESS & CO.. 184 Second St., Portland, Oregon Representatives for Oregon Rc/jrescntatiucs in all Principal Cities BETTER FRUIT STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Le\Tis. Horticulturist, ComlUs. WASHINOTON — Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist ; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist; W. S. Thoraber. Horticul- turist. Pullman. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— B. P. Tajlor. Horticulturist. Tucson. WISCONSIM— Dr. B. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist, Madison. SIONTANA— 0. B. Whipple, Horticulturist, Bozeman. CALIFORNIA — C. W, Woodworth, Entomologist, Berite- ley: W. H. Volclt. Entomologist, WatsonTille; Leon D. Batclielor. Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, I/Ofayette, An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 407 Lumber Exchange PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and foreign, including postage, |1.50. Advertising Rates on Application. Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoflice at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XIII Portland, Oregon, August 1, 1918 Number 2 The Codling Moth Situation By Leroy Childs, Entomologist and Pathologist, Hood River Experiment Station GROWERS in the Northwest should give extra attention to the control of the codling moth during the remainder of the season. Up to the present time the summer of 1918 has been extremely favorable for the de- velopment of the codling moth. Mixed hot and cold spells during late May and early June resulted in the breaking up of the first brood, so that the appear- ance of the second will be far from regular. The warm dry weather of late June and July permitted the rapid de- velopment of the worms with a result moths of the second generation are appearing nearly fifteen days earlier than they have at any time during the past five years. This fact, together with the fact that there are many very late moths of the first generation to still apijcar and deposit eggs, indicates that there will be almost continuous egg hatching from about the first of August until nearly picking time. Where worms of the first brood have been conspicuous the orchardist should by all means use two lead sprays this fall. The first to be on the trees by the first of August, as the latest date, and the second to be applied about the 25th of the same month. There is considerable difference in llie development of the moths in the different apple-growing sections, so that these dates are only approxima- tions. Every apple-growing section needs an expert investigator to follow Ihroufih the life history of the codling moth each season that the timing of the sprays may correspond to the activities of the insects. This activity not only varies widely from one season to an- other, but there is apparently much variation in the same senson in the difi'erent sections. These differences are probably due to temperatures vary- ing on account of altitudinal, coastal and interior influences. During the past five years at Hood River it has been found that a variation of a full month has occurred in tht^ appearance of the second brood of worms. When we consider that a lead .spray is not very effective for a period longer than twenty to twenty-five days the reliance upon a set date for applying the sum- mer spray (which is practiced by a great many orchardists) is entirely un- reliable as far as control is concerned. Degree of control attained, provided the spray is applied thoroughly, depends entirely upon the timing of the spray- ing. It might be asked: ^^'hat material difference would it make if the spray was applied even ten or twelve days before egg hatching? The answer would be in terms of obtainable results in ordinary seasons of infestation, the difference between complete control as against one-half or even less control. In other words, an application of spray cannot be completely effective during a period not to exceed twenty days at this time of the year, owing to the rapid growth of the fruit and its neces- sary partial uncovering, the spray does not expand with fruit expansion. If a spray is applied ten days in advance of the brood hatch one-half of its com- plete effectiveness is forfeited at the time the application is made. Effective- ness in codling-moth control rapidly decreases at the end of twenty days. Egg hatching activity, on the other hand, under normal conditions, is usu- ally approaching its height ten to twelve days following the deposition of the first eggs. At this time, then, a maximum need of protection is de- manded and the effectiveness of the spray is rapidly decereasing. A very great proportion of the losses that re- suit in Northwestern apple orchards and the poor control obtained on the part of orchardists can be traced to this source. The reduction of the time of applica- tion of a spray to the shortest period preceding egg hatching will only be productive of good results. Very close timing in the case of protracted egg hatching will often save an extra appli- cation of spray and much expense. An intimate knowledge of the insects' sea- sonal habits must be known to permit the taking of these advantages. A Labor Saver That Should Be Investgated By D. E. Fryer, Seattle, Washington IN these days, while the boys are "Over There," and while labor is so scarce and expensive, it is highly ad- visable for every association and every warehouse man handling fruit to in- vestigate carefully what can be accom- plished by means of conveyors. Gravity is one of nature's forces which is al- ways present and always benig exerted with equal power; and he is a wise man who lets it do his work. For moving the fruit into the warehouse — moving it from packers to nailers, and from floor to floor, a well-arranged conveying sys- tem will save from twenty to one hun- dred per cent of its cost in a single season; and what is mor.'. it will result in giving better service and in sys- tematizng the work so as to speed up the entire operation and increase its capacity very materialh', and all this on a basis of greater eflkiency. The gravity conveyor made of rollers operating on ball bearin.cs is what has made the use of conveying systems a practical success in the ;ii'ple business. These rollers are usually about 16 inches long, 2% to 3 inc hes in diam- eter, and are placed in steel frames 3, 4 or 6 inches on centers. These sec- tions are made in lengths from six to twelve feet and are fastened end to end by detachable couplings. They are supported by ad.justable supports, and as boxes of apples will run on these rollers at a pitch of from one-quarter to one-half inch to the foot, it is a very simple matter by adjusting the supports to convey the apples from one place to another with practically no labor. These rollers are made of steel or wood. While the steel is more durable, it costs more and is heavier. Wood will wear out in time, but if the wood is maple and properly treated and cared for, it will give long and satisfactory service; and most all those who have used them are more than convinced that the saving in price is justifieif by the serv- ice. Tapered rollers are employed at curves and it is remarkable to see how easily and smoothly the boxes will glide around the corners here and there all alone and without ever falling or giving trouble. In connection with the gravity con- veyors, inclined elevators are fre- Continued on page 26 Page 4 BETTER FRUIT August Berger & Carter Company MANUFACTURERS AND JOBBING DISTRIBUTORS OF Equipment and Supplies for the Food Preserving Industries Home Offices: 17th and Mississippi Streets San Francisco, Cal. Division Offices: Los Angeles ' Portland Seattle Hydraulic Cider Presses Windfalls, culls and undergrades make valuable food products when made into cider, cider vinegar, apple butter, jelly, etc. Apple waste can be turned into profits with little labor and expense by using improved Mount Gilead equipment. There is big money made in custom pressing, Some, by using the press here illustrated, are clearing $1200.00 a season. We build complete cider press outfits in sizes from 10 to 400 bbls. daily. Hand or power. Our cider presses are the result of 40 years specializing. They have taken highest awards at all the big ex- positions. Our catalogs contain valuable information. Copies free -^ ' on request. _ _ _. — - THE HYDRAULIC PRESS MFG. CO., 60 Lincoln Avenue, Mount Gilead, Ohio WESTERN AGENTS: The Berger & Carter Co., 17th and Mississippi Sts., San Francisco, CaL 1 -.^^'mF'DFORD ices STORAGE C^l^^g™ , ^ ■■" i^mii^iiti ■■vnpSffT m' Ml::" ■■ 1 w ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■Ul. t*>Hk<... Insulated with Cabot's Quiit. Cabot's Insulating "Quilt" More Efficient than Cork Board AS PROVED BY THE United States Government Bureau of Standards Tests Quilt costs only one-fifth to one-seventh as much as cork board. It is a cushion of dead air spaces. It is thoroughly sanitary— will not get foul or rot, nor harbor insects or vermin. It is fire-resistant, easy to lay and permanent. Send /or sample of Quilt and prices. SAMUEL CABOT, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Boston, Mass. I S. W. R. DALLY, Seattle Northwestern Distributors'', TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Portland I THOMAS G. BUSH & CO., Spokane 1 LADD?TII.TON BANK ■ Fifty-nine Years of continuous service to the Northwest is the record of this pioneer bank. Today, as always, it bears the reputation of being at once conser- vative and progressive —a wise combination. We sohcit accounts, either personal or bus- iness. Ladd&Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON '. ■■■■■■■■■■■■P."... "■■".■■■■■■■ BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write tor Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'b Cement Coeted Nails WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Tpl8 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 The Conserving of Fruits by Scientific Dehydration IN the East Gallery of the Grand Central Terminal in New York is the Mrs. Oliver Harriman Food Re- search Laboratory, a daily exhibit of a practical wartime measure and the an- swer to one of the biggest conservation questions today. To the fruit-grower, who does not need to be told the ad- vantages of drying, the possibilities that dehydration has to ofTer will be of decided interest. Not that dehydration is something totally new, — in various forms it has been practiced from time immemorial. The savage tribes of Africa, the people of ancient Egypt, and the American Indians all very sensibly preserved their food by drying. The custom is a well-known one in Italy and Japan, and, in our own United States, the fruit-growers of California resort to sun-drying to lessen the waste of their abundant crops. But it is only of late that dehydration has come to make the method practicable everywhere. The farmer needs assurance that his labors will not be half wasted if he is expected to turn all his efTorts to greater production. It is an ironical fact that, in the year 1917, in spite of unusual conservation and greater pro- duction, the amount of foodstuffs wasted was greatly increased. Such an occurrence dehydration would make impossible, and the amount of money expended would be lessened as well. The laboratory exhibit, which has the personal attention of Mrs. Harriman and is due entirely to her untiring patriotic etforts, has been open to the public since last November, and the big grey machine there has been receiving fruits and vegetables of all kinds and turning them out in dehydrated form. Last summer Mrs. Harriman became in- terested in the experiments that were being made in Westchester, New York, for the County Committee for General Safety. Realizing the great possibilities in the field of dehydration, she and the experimenter, Mr. Clarence V. Ekroth, Assistant Chief Chemist to the Bureau of Foods and Drugs, commenced the extensive research that now shows such wonderful results. For the sum- mer of 1917 Mrs. Harriman generously gave over the ground floor of her town house to the work. The present labora- tory, at 2,5 Vanderbilt Avenue, is under the direction of Mr. Ekroth and is con- ducted in co-operation with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs of the New York City Health Department; there is con- tinuous investigation of the subject of dehydration in an endeavor to arouse public interest in the project. The most practical methods are being worked out and incorporated with new sug- gestions resulting from experiments and with the ideas of the director, the object being to remove llie usual diffi- culties involved in a new undertaking. Others may profit by the research and be saved much hard experience in the future. For dehydration has come to stay, as this exhibit very convincingly shows. By Francesca Baltes Dehydration, of course, simply means the extraction of all moisture; it goes farther than drying and evaporating. An attractively arranged table at the laboratory holds jars of dehydrated beans, corn, pears, peaches, apples, strawberries, and numerous other vege- tables and fruits from which every bit of moisture has been scientifically re- moved. The same specimens in recon- stituted form are shown nearby, appar- ently the fresh articles. It merely proves that, by the simple addition of water, a dehydrated product may be restored not only to its original appear- ance, but also with no loss of flavor, color, form, or even fragrance. De- hydrated strawberries have the same inviting odor as those ripening in the fields. The food value is absolutely un- impaired. The advantages ofTered by dehydra- tion are very definite ones. Its great object is to eliminate waste in every possible way. It is now generally com- prehended that, to prevent a world famine, we must keep up the food sup- ply; for at least three years to come, more production will he needed. Our Allies have only about thirty-four per cent of the food they will need; and it is becoming plain that the field of pro- duction is a limited one, for there is not sufficient labor to increase it. The one alternative is to save — to prevent waste. The elimination of waste in every possible way is precisely the object of dehydration. As it is now, there is about sixty per cent, waste between the grower and the con- sumer — a circumstance that, under present conditions, we can no longer afford to tolerate. Perishable food must be saved — before it perishes. Be- sides embodying practically every advantage obtained by canning, pre- serving, and cold storage, dehydration posesses certain greater advantages. It prevents loss by decay and freezing (these products will not freeze, nor will Mrs. Oliver Hairimun, stand Copyriglited by Intcnialli'iuil Film Serrlce, Inc. man, standing before her dehyrtrating machine, is removing a tray of thoroughly dehydrated material and demonstrating this scientific process f conserving fruits and vegetables. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT August high temperature cause them to rot); it also saves the weight and cost of containers to a great extent. The cost of a suitable paper container is very slight — only a few cents for a pound of dehydrated material, as against fifty cents for tin for the bulkier fresh material. With the present short- age of glass and tin in view, this is a point to be considered. Since weight is very much decreased, dehydration saves freight; one hundred pounds of fresh fruit may be reduced to an average of ten pounds by complete drying. Usu- ally a shrinkage of about five-sixths may be assumed; this means a consider- able saving in space when shipping and storing. The container is a waxed card- board carton. As another advantage, dehydration saves car space, and so lessens railroad congestion. A ship- ment of two hundred tons of dehy- drated potatoes, for example, would be equivalent to a cargo of one thousand tons of the fresh product. The machine that accomplishes the process of dehydration can take care of half a ton of fresh material every twenty-four hours. It occupies a space of ten square feet and requires a room not smaller than twenty feet square for its efficient operation. Another room for the workers who prepare the food is also necessary. The fruit (or vege- tables), pared and sliced, is put in a shelved compartment on wire trays and becomes thoroughly dehydrated in from one and one-half to three hours, according to the nature of the product. The free circulation of moist air (and this is really more important than heat) depends upon a fan blower at the back of the machine. The temperature is kept around one hundred and forty degrees Fahrenheit most of the time; this, being the pasteurization point, insures the destruction of the micro- organisms present. All of the air used is filtered; as it takes up moisture, it is continually replaced by fresh air, thus utilizing the moisture evaporated from the fruit to humidify the air. Dehydrated foods, which are com- pletely dried and rarely contain over three per cent, moisture, will readily absorb moisture from the air if left uncovered. It is therefore important that they be speedily packed in air- tight containers. Stored in this man- ner, they keep indefinitely. To recon- stitute a dehydrated vegetable or fruit, it is merely necessary to place it in water, — cool, tepid, or boiling, depend- ing on the material — and in from twenty minutes to four hours it is re- stored with all of its original appear- ance and flavor. The cellular structure has not been in the least impaired by the process. Properly dehydrated fruits and vegetables are really entitled to be placed in a class above the "evaporated" product, which is of greater moisture content and frequently possesses properties noticeably differ- ent from and inferior to those of the natural article. Dehydration is playing an important role in conservation of foods for the City of New York — for the waste in the food depots has hitherto amounted to the startling average of more than one million tons ;i month. As chairman of the Food Committee of the Mayor's Committee of Women on National De- fense, Mrs. Harriman's plans for an educational kitchen had the hearty approval of both Mr. Hoover and Mr. Williams. The city gave over the City College at Lexington Avenue and Twenty-thii-d Street for the use of her committee, and through the co-opera- tion of the Board of Health and the city officials, the food waste was made available for dehydration. The do- nated building was opened in May as an educational kitchen for the public, where expert demonstrators show the use of the various kinds of foods and substitutes. A regularly rotating weekly program provides for different demon- strations on different days. Monday is devoted to wheat substitutes, Tuesday to dry and wet milk and children's diet, Wednesday to the dehydration of vege- tables and fruits and cooking of the same, Thursday to wheat substitutes, Friday to the dehydration of fruits and vegetables and canning of the same, and Saturday to ice cream, war cakes, and simple desserts. The dried foods are sold for home use at cost prices, and war food bulletins are on sale at five cents a piece. As for the supply from the food depots, heretofore discarded, it is so handled that there is very little waste. About twenty-five per cent of it is actually good. The rest, which is par- tially usable may be dehydrated to pro- vide fodder for cattle and stock, as is done in Germany. Just as the Civil War led to the per- fecting of condensed milk, so the present world war seems to be the im- petus to this valuable process of de- hydration. It is, indeed, on account of the war that the desirable advantages of dehydrated fruits and vegetables may be more clearly viewed. Just now, when every bit of shipping space must be utilized to the greatest extent, when weight and expense and liability to deterioration are each problems to be gravely considered, dehydration comes with the appearance of a godsend. It means that each car and ship will be able to transport from ten to fifteen times as much as they do now, and neither the heat of summer nor the cold of winter will have the slightest in- jurious effect. A little investigation shows the problem of increased pro- duction to be rather a serious one and points out the urgent need of conserva- tion. For some time the rural and urban districts have been tending to equalize in population, and in two years more the city numbers actually promise to be slightly larger than the rural. These points are clearly shown at the Grand Central laboratory exhibit by means of a chart. Other charts for the enlightenment of the visitor show the great depletion of the foreign grain supply, which must be met by Amer- ica if it is to be met at all, and the large percentage of exports without a compensating amount of imports. For army purposes, dehydrated foods are ideally adapted. The fact that they keep perfectly is, in addition to their other advantages, one of the best rec- ommendations, as it is closely related to the hygienic welfare of the camp. With refrigeration plants facing a lack of ammonia, cold storage is hardly to be depended upon. The ease with which dehydrated foods may be pre- pared also makes them a convenience. It is interesting to know that one hundred pounds of dehydrated soup mixture (which is just as savory as that freshly made) will feed three thousand hungry soldiers. Our enemy knows the value of dehydrated foods in war times, and, if we are sensible, we shall profit by his experience in this matter. Directly after the start of the war, Ger- many made haste to add to four hun- dred and eighty dehydrating plants then in operation, two hundred and forty-six more, and at present it has more than two thousand. Dehydrated foods are keeping alive both army and civilian population, and even the Ger- man cattle. The English and French armies, too, use millions of pounds of dehydrated fruit and vegetables. The dehydrator that has been de- scribed is not intended to meet the needs of the average family in a small home. It is rather for the large farm, for the community kitchen, for what- ever enterprise can handle big quanti- ties. It has been very successfully in- stalled on country estates; and, for those who prefer it, there is a smaller model that is just half the size of the one described. The cost of installation amounts to about $1500; this includes the auxiliary preparatory machinery, such as cutters and peelers. If oper- ated to full capacity, the machine will dehydrate one hundred and fifty thou- sand pounds of material a year. There should be two workers. Inclusive of wages, the small dehydrating plant may be run at an average cost of a cent for a pound of fresh material; exclusive of wages, the cost of operation will be only five-tenths of a cent a pound. Such efficient conservation of food — and on food depends our strength and that of our Allies — presents a truly practical and patriotic opportunity. If Franklin Owned a Tractor Ben Franklin said: "Plow deep while sluggards sleep and you'll have corn to sell and keep." If Franklin had seen a tractor plow, he'd have said, "Don't wait; go buy one now." — California Cultivator. Your duty to your state and country now is to use your tractor and engine disk plow for seeding as much land as you possibly can for wheat. — Southern liuralist. "At present there are far from enough competent tractor operators to meet the rapidly-growing needs," says Power Farming, "and our agricultural colleges, commercial schools and tractor manu- facturers should employ every means at their disposal to train men and boys to handle tractors." The manufacture of tractors and the training of operators are of equal importance in increasing production. You can at least be in the second line of defense — be a war saver. I9i8 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Evaporation of Prunes and Economical Suggestions By A. F. Barss, Assistant Professor of Pomology Oregon Agricultural College IN view of the present outlook for an especially large crop of prunes quite generally throughout the prune-growing sections of the North- west, it seems advisable to prepare our- selves in time so that the entire crop may be saved. In the case of many young prune orchards this will be the first year of bearing. For those men who are to evaporate prunes for the first time, the following remarks will save them many mistakes and at the same time prove most timely and valu- able to more experienced evaporator men by giving them suggestions for changing and improving their present methods. Before actual evaporation, a building should be supplied and prop- erly equipped. It is realized, however, that this is no time to begin to think about building, for unless already well under way it would be next to impos- sible to have such a building in shape for this season's run. It cannot be too strongly urged, however, in the face of the present labor conditions that every- one so readjust and systematize the work in the drier as to get the maxi- mum results with what labor is avail- able. By cutting down on extra han- dling and introducing mechanical con- veniences it will frequently be possible to save on man power without loss of efficiency. When we realize that it is impossible to produce a high-grade evaporated product from inferior fresh fruit, we can see the importance of care in har- vesting. If the dried product is to have superior flavor and to give the greatest yield, it is important that the fruit be allowed to ripen on the trees and to be picked up only when it has fallen nat- urally or after a very light shaking. Experimental evidence proves beyond doubt that the prunes which do not ripen on the tree are much inferior to those which are harvested only after falling to the ground. In view of this fact it is essential for most satisfactory results that the season of picking be not thrown in advance of the normal sea- son, but delayed until sufficient prunes have fallen to the ground to make a first picking practicable. The weather records for a number of years show that the earlier picking does not tend to avoid the rain any more than picking at the natural season. When we con- sider, then, that the most important time in the life of the prune to give it size, quality and yield per acre, is during the last few days of maturity, we can see the importance of delaying the picking. Heavy shaking except just before the last picking is to be dis- couraged. A light shaking, however, before each picking will merely tend to remove those prunes which would be falling naturally within a short time in case of a light wind. The prunes should be gathered into small slatted crates, for in case of moist, warm weather at time of harvesting, those prunes which are picked into large lug boxes and allowed to remain for any length of time in these before being placed in the evaporator deteriorate very rapidly. Such weather conditions are most favorable for the spread of brown rot and also tend to increase fermentation to such a degree as to cause a material loss of sugar and weight in the final dried product. It must be borne in mind that regard- less of the way in which the fruit is handled in the field or the kind of con- tainer into which it is gathered, the least delay between the time of har- vesting and actual placing of the fruit in the evaporating chamber, the better will be the results. In regard to what constitutes preparation for evaporation there is a wide difference of opinion. Excellent results have been obtained by evaporator men each following a differ- ent practice. Certain suggestions, how- ever, may be followed to advantage. Little, if any, grading previous to fray- ing has been practiced in the North- west. It appears that there is such a wide variation in the time required to dry the large and small prunes or to dry the more matured as opposed to the greener prunes, that it would seem wise to grade the fruit by dividing into at least three sizes. This may be done at less expense by the use of a mechan- ical grader, but few would find it pos- sible to install such a machine at this time. Home-made hand-grading de- vices which will do satisfactory work may be substituted. By grading, all the prunes on any one tray would be of approximately the same size. This would give more even drying, it not being necessary to over-dry some of the smaller prunes because of the presence of larger prunes on the same tray. Such a practice in itself would increase the percentage of dried fruit obtained from a given weight of fresh. While it may not be possible to install a grading sys- tem at this time, it will at least be found worth while to carefully hand pick the fruit, removing any worthless or decayed fruit, the precence of which on a tray would merely tend to lower the quality of the whole as well as occupy space on a tray which might be used to advantage by first-class fruit. The particular method of handling the prunes before spreading on the trays seems to differ with the section, most of the growers in a given section following the same practice, there being no one accepted method used in all re- gions alike. Some growers dip in hot lye water, some in boiling water, some in cold water and some tray the prunes as they come in from the orchard with- out any dipping. An interesting point is that all of these men are able to com- mand standard prices for their dried product. While it might be stated that the most common practice is to dip the prunes in a lye solution, many packers strongly discourage the use of lye. It has been found by experimentation that when pioperly regulated, not only may lye dipping not injure the dried pro- duct, but it does materially tend to re- duce on the time of drying. Where lye is used the average strength is one pound of lye to from thirty to fifty gal- lons of water. Some use it much stronger than this, but where arrange- ment is made to keep the water actively boiling, a smaller amount of lye will do the same work as more lye in colder water. Lye dipping, unless the prunes have previously been graded, will tend to accentuate uneven drying since the ripe prunes will tend to check much more easily than green prunes. For this reason and because of the fact that a strong lye solution is often used to conceal the effects of serious brown-rot infection, the use of actively boiling wafer in place of lye wafer is to be commended. While there seems to be no serious objection to the use of lye in small quantifies followed by thor- ough rinsing, nevertheless lye has in the past been used improperly so widely that it has quite largely fallen into disfavor and the use of boiling water substituted for it. In addition to the first dipping a thorough rinsing in one or two waters is desirable for sani- tary reasons. While those growers who are oper- ating small evaporators cannot well afford to install modern power ma- chinery for dipping and fraying, those evaporating on a larger scale will find it decidedly to their advantage to do away with the hand outfits. A com- parison of the efficiency of the two methods leaves no doubt but that where the larger machine can be kept occu- pied through handling large quantifies of fruit, it should be installed. This is of especial importance this season when any means which can be em- ployed to reduce hand labor will be essential. Mliere the dipping and fray- ing device can be so arranged as to allow for a careful inspection of the fruit, either before dipping or after it is placed on the tray, a great deal of space which might be wasted will be saved by removing all immature and decayed fruit and filling the trays com- pletely. After the fruit is spread on the trays it should be placed in the evapor- ating chamber as soon as possible. There are two essential requirements to evaporation — heated air which is not saturated and some means of pass- ing this air over the material to be evaporated. A\Tiefher this air is heated by means of stoves, furnaces or steam and whether circulated naturally or by means of a fan, the principles employed are the same. It must be remembered that the warmer the air, the more moisture if will absorb. If then the moisture is not being removed properly from the fruit, the remedy will be either to increase the temperature of the air or its circulation. There is a limit, however, to thi^ heat which prunes will stand and ncit scorch. The temperature at the hottest end, where the finished product will be removed, should for best results rarely pass 180 Continued on pape 11. Pages BETTER FRUIT ^"^"-^^ Illustrations for Apple Packs in the Standard Apple Box 10'.. xll>4xl8 Inches, Inside Measurement I'irst and Third Layers First and Third Layers First, Third and Fifth Layers Second and Fourth Layers Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 88 apples Second and Fourth Layers Showing diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 96 apples Second and Fourth Layers 3/2 pack, 4y2 tier, 5 layers, 188 apples If layers are reversed there will be 187 apples rw; CFO Figure 1—41 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 7 — 64 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 8 — 72 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 10 — 80 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 12—88 Apples Northwest Standard Box 3^ cficR nCHH rtrP Figure 13 — 96 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 16 — 104 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 18 — 112 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 24 — 138 Apples Northwest Standard Box Figure 26 — 150 Apples Northwest Standard Box iprS BETTER FRUIT Page 9 -O optPp cMcP'' Figure 28 — 1G3 Apples Figure 29 — 175 Apples Figure 31 — 188 Apples Northwest Standard Dox Northwest Standard Box Northwest Standard liox Grading Rules and Regulations Season 1918 Washington Standard Pack FIRST GRADE, Grade No. 1 or Extra Grade as to defects but regardless of Fancy apples are defined as sound, color, smooth, mature, clean, hand-picked. The following varieties shall be ad- well-formed apples only, free from all niitted to the Extra Fancy and Fancy insect pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises Grades, subject to the color require- and other physical injuries, scald, scab, meats herewith specified: scale, dry or bitter rot, worms, worm solid red varieties stings, worm holes, spray burn, limb Extra rub, visible water core, skin puncture . ., „ . KVIS^ '^o'J^ ,. , , ., uii-u. Aiken Red ~o% 25% or skin broken at stem, but slight rus- Arkansas Black 75% 25% seting within the basin of the stem will Baldwin 75% 25% Up r.prmiltpH Black Ben Davis 75% 25% be permitted. ^ „ , ^^ „ „ Gano 75% 25% Second Grade, Grade No. 2 or Fancy King David 75% 25% Apples are defined as apples complying Spitzenberg (Esopus) 75% 25% .,, ., . irr-t „ 1 Vandcrpool 75% 25% With the requirements for first grade winesap 75% 25% apples except that slight sun scald or Black Twig 50% 15% other blemishes not more than skin Mcintosh Red 50% 15% deep shall be permitted up to a total of striped or partial red varieties 10 per cent of the surface of the apple. ^^^™ P^„^y Third Grade, Grade No. 3 or C Grade Delicious 66%% 15% Apples shall include all remaining ap- Jonathan ^t^^ isw pies free from infection excepting that ;',',"/Savis ;:;;:::::::::::;;:;: 50% ° 10% two stings to each apple shall be per- Hubbardston 50% 10% mitted and if shipped in closed pack- ^,<:"i^°" .■■:■■ : ^"g' ]9% , ,, , , , i_ ii^ Percenlibly blushed cheek. Orchard Run packages must not con- characierisHc color. tain any apples that would not meet the Winter Banana. requirements of Third Grade. yellow or green varieties .Summer and Early Fall Varieties: Extra Fancy— Characteristic color. Summer varieties such as Astrachan, . . Fancu-Characteristic color. r. ., , c- . r> •.• i_ • T-> 1. Grimes Golden. Bailey s Sweet, Beitigheimor, Duchess, Yellow Newtown. Early Harvest, Red June, Strawberry, Cox's Orange Pippin. Twenty Ounce Pippin, Yellow Trans- wh»rwinter Penrmain. parent and kindred varieties, not oth- Yellow Heiieiieur. erwise .specified in these grading rules, Northw^esiern Greening. ,, ... , ,- 11 • .. i_ Rhode Island Greening. together with early fall varieties such as Alexander, Blue Pcarmain, Wolf River, All apples packed otherwise than ac- Spokane Beauty, Fall Pijipin, Waxen, cording to the foregoing lules shall be Tolman Sweet, Sweet Bough and other accompanied by a printed description varieties not provided for in these grad- of the contents on each package, ing rules, as grown in sections of early The term "Worm Stings," as used in maturity, shall be packed in accordance the above rules, shall be interpreted to with the grading rules covering Fancy mean "healed over stings," as the heal- How to start a 2/ Diagonal Pack How to start a 3 2 Diagonal Pack ing over of the sting is the only evi- dence we have to show that the so- called sting is not infected. Grading rules recommended by reg- ularly elected delegates to the Apple Grade and Pack Conference held in Spokane November 23, 191G,andadopted by the advisory Board of the State De- partment of Agriculture, January, 1918- E. F. Benson, Commissioner of Agriculture. M. L. Dean, Assistant Commissioner, Chief Division of Horticulture. APPLE PACKS ck No. pack 5x5 long, 3 tier deep, pack 5x6 long, 3 tier deep, pack 3x3 long, 4 tier deep, pack 3x4 long, 4 tier deep, pack 4x4 long, 4 tier deep, pack 4x5 long, 4 tier deep, pack 5x5 long, 4 tier deep, pack 5x6 long, 4 tier deep, pack 6x6 long, 4 tier deep, pack 6x7 long, 4 tier deep, pack 7x7 long, 4 tier deep, pack 7x8 long, 4 tier deep, pack 4x5 long, 5 tier deep, pack 5x5 long, 5 tier deep, pack 5x6 long, 5 tier deep, pack 6x6 long, 5 tier deep, pack 6x7 long, 5 tier deep, pack 7x7 long, 5 tier deep, pack 7x8 long, 5 tier deep, pack 8x8 long, 5 tier deep, pack 8x9 long, 5 tier deep, pack 8 long, 5 tier deep, pack 9 long, 5 tier deep. No. in Box .. 45 .. 50 .. 48 .. 56 .. 64 .. 72 .. 80 .. 88 .. 96 ..104 ..112 ..120 ..113 ..125 ..138 ..150 ..163 ..175 ..188 ..200 ..213 ..200 ..225 Slyle of Pa 2x1 diagonal 2x1 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 2x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 3x2 diagonal 5 straight 5 straight The standard size of an apple box shall be 18 inches long, UVi inches wide, lOVj inches deep, inside measure- ment. (Sec. 9831, R. & B. Code.) DIMENSIONS OF APPLE BOX MATERIALS Knds— %xinV.xllV2, 2 pieces 20 to bundle Sides— %xlOi/'Xl9?4, 2 pieces 40 to bundle T. & B.— Ux5V.xl9!)4, 4 pieces. . .100 to bundle Cleats— %x%xili/id, 31,000; 6d, 23,600. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT Savefrate C O f^R U GX^TC O PAPER CONTAINERS ECONOMY ^tJk'^t?^^ in the initial purchase — cheaper than wood m storage space — half space of shook m seahng — no hammer, nails, slivers in freight weight — two-thirds lighter than wood in breakage — every side a cushion SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH CO. Main Office: SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. BRANCHES: — Fresno, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, Honolulu It shall be unlawful for any person to import into this state, sell, barter, or otherwise dispose of or offer for sale or have in his possession for the pur- pose of sale or barter any fruit which is or has been infected with peach mil- dew, peach twig borer, San Jose scale or other insect pests or the larvae of the codling moth or peach twig borer, and the fact that any fruit bears the mark of any such scale insect or is worm eaten by any such larvte, shall be con- clusive evidence that the fruit is in- fected, within the meaning of this sec- tion: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the grower of such infected fruit grown within the State of Washington from manufacturing the same into a by- product or selling and shipping the same to a by-product factory. (Sec. 15, Chap. 166, Session Laws 1015.) Cabot's Quilt Insulation. Since 1914 the price of Cork for in- sulation has advanced over 100 per cent. Notwithstanding the high prices of this material Cork is practically unobtain- able, owing to scarcity of transporta- tion facilities and extremely high cost of freight rates from Spain, the home of Cork. Fortunately, Cork is not nec- essary for cold-storage insulation, in fact it is now in a secondary place as an insulator according to a recently completed long and exhaustive series of tests made by the U. S. Bureau of Standards, of insulators which showed Cabot's Quilt the most effective in- sulator, and placed Cork Board second. Other materials tested followed in order of effectiveness. From this re- port it will be seen that the shortage and high price of Cork for insulation purposes is not a serious matter or even one for any concern at all. Cabot's Quilt being composed of a matting of Eel grass quilted between two layers of Kraft paper, the eel grass has a tough flat fibre that forms thousands of dead-air spaces, making the ideal in- sulator. Eel grass grows in the sea and is composed of silicon in place of car- bon that exists in plants that grow in the air, and it will therefore not rot, will not harbor insects or vermin, and will not burn. As a practical test of the value of Eel grass (Cabot's Quilt) for insulation purposes, the ice storage house of the Ashland Ice & Storage Co. Augiist at Medford was insulated with Cabot's Quilt and produced results of far greater insulation value than had been estimated by the engineers for Cork as originally proposed. In fact, the com- pany were so well pleased with results obtained that they state no more Cork will be considered in their future build- ings, Cabot's Quilt to be the insulation material to be used. At one of the Eastern Washington storage plants six rooms were provided, the four nearest to the machines were insulated with Cork and the last two with Cabot's Quilt, with results as shown by ther- mometer tests covering a period of sev- eral months indicated that the rooms insulated with Cabot's Quilt showed results equal to those insulated with Cork, the cost of insulation being very much less than Cork. The same results have been secured in various parts of the world, but particularly in the United States, where Cabot's Quilt has been used as an insulator in ice and fruit-storage house and refrigerator cars. — [Adv.] "Injurious Insects and Useful Birds" is the title of a book by F. L. Wash- burn, Professor of Entomology, Uni- versity of Minnesota, published by J. B. Lippincoft Company. This work is the result of twenty-one years of expe- rience in economic entomology. There are chapters on modern methods in farming calculated to lessen insects and rodent injuries; insecticides and spray- ing; the relation of birds to agricul- ture—in fact the edition is filled with vaulable and instructive information to the fruit grower and farmer. It is pro- fusely illustrated, many of the illustra- tions in colors, which are remarkably fine. War Savings Stamps help provide that "Force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit, the righteous and triumphant force which shall make right the law of the world," which Persldent Wilson says must be . used against our enemies. True-to-Name Nursery ESTABLISHED 1902 Offers a general line of nursery stock, with a special offering of Anjou, Bosc and Bartlett Pears. These trees are grown with buds personally selected from bearing trees and are guaranteed "true-to-name." Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAME NURSERY H.S.Galligan.Prop. Hood River.Oregon FISH!! FISH!! 100 lbs. salmon in brine, shipping weight 165 lbs $11.00 Smoked salmon, 20 lbs. net 3.25 Dried True codfish, 10 lbs 1 .50 Ask for our fresh and cured fish price list. T. A. BEARD, 4322 Winslow Place, Seattle, Wash. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1918 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page II The Hardie TODAY AS IN THE PAST These Two Orchard Ladders REPRESENT QUALITY The same grade of clear well seasoned spruce, the same practical design, the same workmanship are still there. No attempt has been made to lower the high standard of these ladders by cheaper materials or unskilled labor. Now as never before you should select high grade orchard equipment. The Apex Labor is scarce and high'priced. Hardie orchard equipment will help you keep within sight of your old production cost. Price per foot 45c We issue a small folder describing more fully these two ladders and other orchard equipment. Send for it today. Get your equipment early. Price per foot 45c THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 North Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Evaporation of Prunes, Etc. Continued from page 7. degrees F. Again, if the temperature at the cooler end or where the fresh fruit is being introduced is too low, there will be danger of considerable loss from brown rot and fermentation. The temperature here should be maintained at not less than from 115 to 125 degrees F. The importance of the use of stand- ard thermometers to eliminate guess work and to give an absolute check on the conditions within the drier is ap- parent and cannot be over-emphasized. It is dilTicult to give any definite time as being ideal for evaporation of prunes. Roughly speaking, if condi- tions are favorable, the process will be fairly rapid and drying should be com- pleted v.'ithin thirty to thirty-six hours as a maximum. Some driers will turn out excellent fruit in as short as eighteen hours, thus obtaining maxi- mum use of their equipment and turn- ing out the largest tonnage for given amount of fuel consumed. If too much time is being occupied it is apparent that there is something radically wrong either in the construction ot the evap- orator or in the circulation of the air, provided the proper tempcmture is be- ing maintained. Where the drying time is too long the finished product is less desirable. Experience alone will tell when prunes are dried sulliciently. In general, they should be black and glossy, firm to the touch, not sticky, nor flattening out under the fingers when the hand is passed over the tray; the prunes should show no water on press- ing a slightly torn section and the flesh should separate clean from the pit. When the prunes are finished they should be removed from the trays while still warm, any under-dried prunes re- moved to be redried and the finished fruit placed in sacks or in bins to cure. If placed in bins they should be shoveled over from time to time that the moisture content may become uni- form throughout. [Note. — While the foregoing discus- sion necessarily has been rather brief, a more extended review of this subject, together with suggestions on buildings and equipment, appears in .Station Bul- letin 115 of the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station, copies of which will be sent free to residents of Oregon who request them.] War Boosts Land Clearing One of the most notable cll'ects of the Great World War is the casting of the limelight on the farmer. He is today one of the most important financial factors in the unprecedenled situation that now exists, for food is going to help greatly in winning the war. The world's wealth is being (llniini.shcd at the rate of millions monthly. The only means for restoring this wealth and putting the world back on a sound financial basi.s is by increased produc- tion of farm products. The soil is the original source of all wealth. Anieri- can farmers alone are in a position both to increase this wealth and mar- ket it. Since increased production per acre of cultivated land is too slow a process to meet the world's pressing needs for more wealth and more food, it becomes obvious that the quickest solution of the problem lies in putting more land under cultivation, and the prevailing high prices of crops provide the funds to cover the expenses of clearing and draining land that now stands as a liability. The business farmer sees the opportunity and is taking advantage of it. Clearing of stump land and drain- age of wet land is going on at an un- precedented rate. This is true not only on farms having large areas of hitherto waste land, but on those having waste spots that represent a fifth to a third of their available area. Almost every farm has a cut-over woodlot an acre or more in size, wet-weather ponds or wet spots varying from a fourth acre to several times as muclv, or meander- ing streams that cut corners and break into fields in the most troublesome way. By clearing the stump land, removing the occasional stump or boulder that has been plowed around for years, draining the wet spot or pond and siraighlening the creek, a total of sev- eral acres can be added to the average farm, and made to produi o profitable crops instead pf remaining a taxable load on an otherwise good farm. The stumps may either be blasted out or pulled. But for the other work ex- plosives arc the quickest and cheapest Page 12 BETTER FRUIT Augiist agency. Wet-weathcr ponds and wet spots in such holes may be drained downward by a properly placed deep blast. Hnulders may be blasted into pieces small cnougli for the stone boat, and creek channels quickly straif^hl- ened by blasting new channels that will confine the stream where it will waste the least possible amount of land. Aside from the unusual financial con- siderations that now urge farmers to put their farms on a 100 per cent effi- ciency basis, pride ought to lead all of us to eliminate the unsightly stumps and boulilers and get the surface water under control. It is a good principle always to maintain a place in salable condition. This is best done by remov- ing all evidence of shiftless manage- ment, and thus please the eye as well as the bank account. Uncle Sam's fighting men are doing their part, the ship- builders are doing theirs and the farm- ers are certainly in a position to do theirs. With everybody doing some- thing the war can only end one way, and that is victorious for the Allies. Test Value of Bordeaux Mixture Every package of commercial bor- deaux mixture carries a label on which is given its content of copper. This is usually given in percentage, and by multiplying this percentage by 3.93 the result gives the amount of crystallized copper-sulphate, the bulletin explains. If the percentage is given in terms of copper oxid, multiply by 3.14; if in copper hydroxide, multiply by 2.56. In order to calculate the copper sulphate when diluted ready for application, multiply the number of pounds of the concentrated bordeaux mixture to be added to 50 gallons of water by the percentage of copper sulphate. Physical properties, such as adhesive- ness, texture, spreading quality and rate of settling, also are important fac- tors in determining the efficiency of bordeaux mixtures. A preparation con- taining a large amount of copper, but coarse and granular in texture, with poor spreading and sticking qualities, cannot be expected to give good results in cases where a good fungicide is re- quired. To test the physical properties, dilute the mixture and place a small quantity in a glass lube, and watch the speed with which the solids settle to the bottom. If the copper is held in suspension for a great length of time the physical properties of the mixture may be regarded as good. In order to reduce the cost of spray material some growers are using a weaker mixture than is commonly ad- vised for the various diseases which require bordeaux treatment. When the disease attacks are mild, a bordeaux mixture containing considerably less copper sulphate than is commonly ad- vised may give very good control, pro- vided its physical properties are good and it is thoroughly applied, the bul- letin states. When infection is severe, weak mixtures should be avoided, for the resultant loss when they are used may much more than ofi'set the amount saved by using the proper strength. Spraying is a question of insurance and the grower must decide whether he wishes to insure his crop wholly or only partially by the use of bordeaux mixture containing sufficient copper. Sugarless Preserving An account appears in an English paper of a method of bottling fruits and vegetables without sugar and without cooking. The fruit is placed in any bottle that can be hermetically sealed by a rubber band; and the bottles are placed in a receptacle that will hold four or five inches of water over the top of the bottles. The water tap is allowed to run into each bottle with some force, so as to pack the fruit and wash out impurities. The tap must continue to run until the receptacle is full and run- ning over, and when air bubbles have ceased to rise the lids must be fast- ened down under water. All the berry fruits have been successfully treated, although raspberries and strawberries lose their color; also peaches, nectar- ines, plums and cherries, besides such vegetables as peas, beans, rhubarb, tomatoes and sweet corn. It is said the oilin^Poitits — are vaporizing points. In Red Crown gasoline they form a continuous, uniform chain — giving steady, dependable power. Look for the Red Crown sign. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) "f/ie Gasoline fQuam? constructed, li^ht Wei.(*lit pump. Remember, you and your family will have to work the han- dle every dav. and this will be a much harder task than if you had bought a guaranteed MYERS PUMP with the new easy operating COG GEAR HAN DLE-actually pumps 33SS easier -and fitted with the famous leather saving MYERS GLASS VALVE SEAT MYERS PUMPS come in many styles and sizes for every kind of a well or cistern. They are sold by gaod dealers everywhere, so that you can probably buy a Myers Pump in your home town. If not, write us for name of nearest dealer to you. H8 pacts— Handy Pocket Edilian- Hump Catalog lie;. RLMYERSftBRa ASHLANP.OHIO. NO. 120 ORANGE ST. WANTED Experienced horticulturist to operate my ranch near Hood River.Oregon.on shares, after this season. 100 acres of bearing trees; 75 acres grain land. Everything in first-class running order. Applicant must give reference and state experience they have had to prove their ability to handle the property for our mutual interest. Address H. P., care Better Fruit liquor is delicious, and very little sugar need be added in cooking. So far only whole fruit has been treated. — Pro- ducers' Review. War Board for Apple Crop Called together by the governors of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, repre- sentatives of the apple-growing districts of the Northwest, including S. R. McKee and Fred P. Clark of Yakima, met in conference here the other day and appointed a war board which will put the apple industry on a war basis and co-operate with the government in win- ning the war. The War Board will work in con- junction with the Fruit Growers' Agency, the headquarters of which are in Yakima. It was formed so that there could be a representative body to con- sider the problems common to the Northwest instead of in small sections. It will take up the problems which the Fruit Growers' Agency here is already considering, the most important of which is the harvesting of the apple crop, transporting it to market and supplying the army camps. — Fruit Trade Journal. WliEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 13 it \ "'1 ||iMnnin|/| I ii-„- Ynii THAT this is "a rich man's war," or "a business man's war." nave lOU that sweaters knitted for the Red Cross are being sold by Red Cross workers. H63rd th6S6 THAT Red Cross officials are being paid enormous salaries. I iac *? THAT interned German prisoners are being fed four and five meals a day. LlCO ■ THAT homes displaying food pledge cards will be searched by the Government. atH Fight the Enemy at nome Do not discuss in public or with strangers any knowledge you may have of troop and transport movements. German agents and spies are everywhere, trying to gather information and bits of news about our country— our armies, ships and munitions. German agents are striving to hinder our preparations. They make up these clever stories— the Kaiser pays his spies well to make them clever, so they will be repeated. Get the Facts from Washington Send for a book issued by the Committee on Public Information, 'noi GERMAN LIES" If you find disloyal persons in your search, do not fail to report them, sending the names to the Department of Justice, Washington. COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION 8 JACKSON PLACE, WASHINGTON. D. C. This space contributed for the winning of the war by BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY. Page 14 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Kruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company •107 LumhtT Exchange PORTLA>,'D, OHEGON Crop Estimates for 1918— The out- look for tlie 1918 npi)Ie crop in the United States, as reported July 1st by the United States Depatment of Agri- culture, Bureau of Crop Estimates, is 64.8, in comparison of a ten-year aver- age of 68.2. The report shows a con- siderable decrease over the June esti- mate, hut this year's croi) promises to be about l.'i per cent higher than last year, which is due largely to a good crop in New York. The apple crop in the West will be considerably smaller, estimated at about 5,000 cars less, which is due to the fact that Idaho will prob- ably not have over 700 cars as com- pared to 3,500 cars last year. Idaho suffered severely from frosts in May. Washington normally produces more than half of the Northwestern box apples, and at the present lime their output is estimated at 17,000 cars, com- pared to 18,500 last year. Wenatchee has prospects for a splendid crop of apples. In Yakima the crop will be somewhat less than last year, but in both Wenatchee and Yakima the quality is very fine. Estimates differ in Hood River Valley from 1,200 to 1,500 cars. A light crop is predicted for other parts of Oregon. The crop in Montana is estimated at about 60 per cent of a full commercial crop. Last year the com- mercial crop of apples in the Northwest amounted to 23,000 cars. With a good growing season for the next few weeks the increased size of the apples will in all probability increase the present estimate. One of the most important bulletins recently published is Farmers' Bulletin No. 984, "Farm and Home Drying of Fruits and Vegetables." It explains how to dry fruits and vegetables with and without artificial heat, with illus- trations of home-made cook - stove driers, and also deals with community drying plants. The drying of fruits and vegetables is a very important means of preventing a loss of perishable foods, and every fruit grower should use these means of conserving. Copies of this bulletin can be obtained from the Division of Publications, United States Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D. C. In writing for this be sure to give the number and enclose two- cent stamp. The International Apple Shippers' Association will hold their twenty- fourth annual convention in Philadel- phia, August 14, 15 and 16. The attend- ance promises to be very large, and the sessions will be of unusual importance. Because of the unsettled conditions many important questions will come up for consideration and every man con- nected with the fruit industry should plan to attend this meeting. BETTER FRUIT New Sugar Regulations. — Restrictions on the use ol sugar by manufacturers are drawn niuch tighter by the new I'ood Adminislration regulations which became effeclive July 1. It is hoped that through liicse measures a scarcity of sugar foi- home consumption \\'\\\ be avoided. In reducing the amount allowed manufacturers the Food Ad- ministration expects the nation as a whole to go on a three-pound-per- capita-monthly ration. The less essen- tial manufactured products, since July 1st, are allowed but 50 per cent of the normal sugar requirements. Because of lack of shipping and a decrease in the amount of sugar expected from Cuba a shortage of sugar is hardly to be avoided and everyone must conserve in every way possible. Many housewives are canning fruit without sugar, which is proving very successful. Others are using corn syrups for certain fruits. Corn syrup will not do with all fruits, but for some varieties it is found to be an improvement over granulated sugar. Many fruit growers keep bees, and some most delicious preserves are made with honey. By using substitutes for sugar the housewife will be able to fill her pantry shelf with many additional bottles of preserves than if she depends entirely on granulated sugar. Fourth Liberty Loan. — Mr. D. O. Lively, Director of the Agricultural Division of the Twelth Federal Reserve District, is sending out an appeal re- questing everyone to save for the Fourth Liberty Loan. From all indi- cations the Fourth Liberty Loan, which comes in October, will be the largest; the amount we are asked to make up is 56,000,000,000, which is double any pre- vious Liberty Loan. We are not asked to give this money — we simply loan it at a good rate of interest, and every dollar invested in Liberty Loans is a help toward winning the war. Every appeal made for funds has been over- subscribed, and with abundant crops and splendid prices the fruit growers and farmers are urged to put aside as much as they can possibly spare to swell the subscriptions to the Fourth Liberty Loan. Box Strapping. — Every year the Northwest fruit industry suffers a serious loss from broken packages, and it seems something should be done to avoid this loss. Box strapping has been used in some districts with wonderful success, and there is no question that if the growers of the Northwest will use it more that considerable fruit will be saved. Box strapping is being used very extensively for many other com- modities, and saving the shippers heavy losses. Fear is expressed that fruit growers will suffer a serious shortage of boxes this year. Growers are urged to use baskets wherever it is possible, and while they are perhaps not so easy for storing, if the bushel baskets with the cover are used they will be found very satisfactory and save the boxes for the higher grades, r August Spraying for Codling Moth. — In this issue appears elsewhere an article by Professor Childs on "The Codling Moth Situation." This is particularly timely at this time of year. During the months of August and September fruit growers in many districts will be spraying for codling moth. Evey grower must study his conditions and decide how many applications of arsenate of lead it is necessary to apply. Codling-moth dam- age has been very severe in some dis- tricts this year and growers should give this matter jirompt attention, sparing no reasonable expense to produce a clean crop. Value of Nitrate of Soda. — There are many fruit growers who do not fully appreciate the value of nitrate of soda. Used excessively it is injurious, but if a fruit grower is in doubt as to the amount to use it will be well to consult the Expeiment Station or someone of authority. Nitrate of soda contains about 15% per cent of nitrogen in the nitrate form, which plants take up very quickly. New Flour-Milling Regulations With the end of the milling year on July 1, the Food Administration re- views conditions which have prevailed in the flour-milling industry and also announces new regulations to be put in effect. Under the original regula- tions, the millers were allowed a maxi- mum gross profit of 25 cents per barrel, based on their annual business. The business is recognized to be a seasonal one and cannot be judged on profits determined upon a few months' opera- tions, nor can annual profits always be accurately forecast at the beginning. Millers finding themselves at the end of the fiscal year with an amount in excess of 25 cents a barrel profit have been notified that they release themselves from the difficulty by selling a sufficient amount of flour at a nominal price to the Food Administration to liquidate any such surplus profit. Millers' ac- counts are audited by representatives of the Enforcement Division of the Food Administration. Under the new plan of mill regulation now being or- ganized trade will be free but profits closely limited. Speculation will not be permitted, but no limitations are placed upon the freedom of flour mills or traders to buy or sell in any market. The mills are, however, under restric- tions to reflect the Government price within the profit limitations upon flour. The whole plan has been approved by the Agricultural Advisory Committee, the board of 24 members which confers with the Food Administration on mat- ters affecting producers. Our men in the trenches and in the submarine chasers are doing their part. Are you doing your part? Buy War Savings Stamps to your utmost capacity. The Sebastapol Apple Growers' Union shipped their first car of Gravensteins the 15th day of July. 19 18 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 EASIER SHIPMENTS MORE PROEIT Packing and ship- ping is much easier when the Bushel Shipping Basket is used. Packing House at Koshlionong, Missouri XThe Universal Package Will increase your profits materally by saving the money which is usually wasted in difficult packing. Send for prices that will save you money. Package Sales Corporation 106 East JeflFerson|St., South Bend, Indiana Live Stock and the Orchard By Professor E. J. Iddings, University of Idaho, Moscow THERE has been in Western agricul- tural practice a strong tendency for several years toward specialization. In so far as this has meant for more in- tensive methods and for greater intelli- gence and skill devoted to the produc- tion of special crops or special farm products, the movement has been worthy of high commendation. Weak- nesses have l)een found in the system, however, and the trend of today is away from extreme specialization and toward diversification in the handling of the Western agricultural farm hold- ings. A fundamental difTiculty for the man of limited means in any plan of high specialization is that he docs not, and probably cannot, afford to prepare him- self for a season of loss. It is not always entirely well with a specialty. Whether it is with the cereals or the forage crops of the field or the crops of the orchard, there comes a season when conditions arc unfavorable and the in- come is small. With tlic fruit grower, furthermore, there may be the problem of the orchard not yet in bearing and diversification offers at least part solu- tion for the problem of maintaining the family until the orchard is of bear- ing age. Diversification, therefore, does not run counter to the l)est interests of the fruit grower, but on the other hand, assists in increasing his income and in staving over certain periods when the orchard is young or when, for some reason, it does not yield in abundance. A modern slogan that is now quite popular in the agricultural field is the warning not to put all the eggs in one basket. There are four direct reasons why the orchardist should be able to find a use for live stock in connection with his main business, which is that of fruit production. In the first place the live stock furnishes an additional source of income and often contributes directly to the support of the family by furnish- ing animal products for home consump- tion. Second, live stock may be made to furnish a market for many of the crops grown by the orchardist between the rows of trees. Some of the crops, such as legumes, corn, grains of various kinds, can, as a rule, be most profitably marketed through live stock. Third, the orchardist needs live stock for the purpose of maintaining soil fertility. We find that more and more fruit men are giving consideration to the question of fertilization and we all recognize that one of the cheapest and most effi- cient means of maintaining the soil in the best possible physical condition for maximum production is through the use of farm manures secured through live- stock keeping. There is a fourth reason why the orchardist should at this par- ticular time think seriously of live- stock production. This is because the leaders of the American government today are calling for more animals and more animal products. The larger share by far of the needs of the nation in this direction will, of course, be taken care of on the ranges and on the farms. The fruit grower, however, can aid materially in this direction and if a few head of live stock were kept on the average fruit farm of the West the sum total would be of real assistance in meeting the present-day needs of America. Granted that live-stock keeping is feasible, we may immediately consider Page i6 BETTER FRUIT August mi uiiiM .^liiiiiiiliiilliiiii le you cut one lan any other Imple- d to raise more crops Wrue lor uiuBiraied descriptive folder, prices and terms. Vaughan Motor W^orks INCO RPO RATED Department A - East 9th and Main Streets Portland, Oregon Largest Mlrs. ol Usht-weletat DiaE Saws In the World sSSSh»-J" ARCADIA America's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from" Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON the kinds of live stock that are best adapted to the fruit farm. A few horses ■will always be kept, but many orchard- ists question the advisability of trying to breed horses in connection with an orchard plant. Beef cattle are produced most successfully and profitably where there is ample room and cheap grass. In a similar way sheep have, in past years, been regarded as better adapted to cheaper lands that are devoted largely to grazing purposes. In the past two or three years, however, hundreds of small flocks of slieep have been bought by the farmer and it will only be a short time, if the present tendency prevails, when sheep on the Western farms will be as conmion as they have for years been on the farms of Oliio and Indiima. There is a jjossibility of using a small band of sheep in connec- tion with the orchard. l'"or the average man engaged in fruit growing, however, the dairy cow and the brood sow lend themselves tietter to his needs. These two classes of animals fit well together on the farm and make a splendid com- bination for use in connection with the orchard. Those who are keeping in touch with dairy conditions of today feel that the time is not far distant when dairymen are to be paid well for their work in producing milk and butter fat. Prices have not been adeeiuale and the dairy- man lias been losing money for many months. The result lias been the selling of a large number of dairy cattle and we will unquestionably soon be face to face witli a condition in regard to milk and butter-fat production that will mean one of two things — the dairyman will be well paid or the consumer will do without dairy products. I am familiar with one of the well-known irrigated districts of the West where many of tlie farmers have made a specialty of dairying. Two of the very best herds of that tract that have been tested and liave a wide reputation for high production are now offered for sale. When the best of dairymen are thinking of quitting the business it is well for us to think seriously of the future. It is my opinion, confirmed by many experienced men witli whom I liave talked, that now is a mighty good time to get into the dairy business. Good cattle are being sold in many sec- tions at quite reasonable prices and, as before indicated, there can be no other outcome than such prices for dairy products of all kinds as will enable the dairyman to meet all costs of keeping the herd and have a reasonable profit for his efforts. In the orchard may be produced corn, peas and oats, and other crops for silage. The production of legume hays such as clover and alfalfa fit in well with the fertilization of the orchard and give the orchard dairyman the very best roughages for milk production. If the silo is not advisable, root crops can be grown between the tree rows to wonderful advantage. Grains may be purchased or may be grown in connec- tion with the orchard. The combina- tion of legume hay for roughage, of either silage or root crop for suc- culence, and of our Western-grown grains for concentrates, gives exactly the right kind of ration for heavy milk and butter-fat production. The grains that are needed are barley and oats, in addition to bran, which is now one of the relatively cheapest feeds that can be bought in the market. The dairy cow, therefore, fits in with the orchard plan for between-the-row crops and not only furnishes the family with highly-nutritious foodstuffs, but in addition gives the fruit grower a week by week or month by month cash income to supplement the income from fruit production. . 19 18 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Swine fit in well with dairy cattle because one of the best of all feeds for growing pigs is the skimmed milk which on many farms is a by-product of the dairy business. Fundamentals in successful swine production are, pas- ture for the brood sow and pigs; by- products such as from the dairy for supplementing other rations and for keeping down cost of production, and concentrates for finishing swine for market. All of these feeds, to a limited extent at least, can be produced in con- nection with the fruit farm. The pas- ture could be legume pasture, either alfalfa or clover. In addition special between-the-row crops, such as peas and oats, rape, kale and other crops of a similar nature, can be seeded for hog pasture. Skimmed milk, unsalable fruit, and wastes from the household may be used in connection with swine feeding. In addition there will be needed con- centrates for fleshing swine for market. At present prices of feedstuffs, shorts and barley are probably the most eco- nomical feed to use in swine feeding. A nitrogenous supplement should be fed in addition, and tankage, skimmed milk or alfalfa hay are feeds valuable in this connection. There are a large number of ques- tions of breeding, feeding and manage- ment that should be considered in con- nection with dairy cattle and swine for the orchard. Time, however, does not permit extensive treatment of these problems unless there is some particu- lar point that needs amplification. It is not only true that dairy cattle and swine are best fitted of the farm ani- mals for use in connection with the orchard, but in addition it is peculiarly appropriate that these animals be bred at this particular time, since of all the animals of the farm the dairy cow is most efTicient in that she provides more human food from one hundred pounds of feed, through her milk, than can be obtained through the means of any other animal product. Swine rank sec- ond in ethciency to the dairy cow. There is one other branch of the live- stock industry that should be mentioned at this time, one of the great industries of the American farmer. I refer to poultry raising. Poultry should not only be part of the general plan on the fruit farm, but in addition should be kept on every American farm. It is rather unfortunate that we find grain farmers as well as fruit growers going to the butcher or the groceryman for poultry that ought to be produced at home. Poultry on the fruit farm will not only furnish the family with food- stuffs among the most nutritious of all that are available for human con- sumption, but in addition, if properly handled, can be made to yield during the year no inconsidiiable income. The great fruit industry of the North- west will lose nothing of its importance as a highly-organized specialty, but on the other hand will be strengthened and rendered more stable and perma- nent by the adoption of diversification to the extent of live-stock keeping along the lines suggested above. Body Built for Country Loads Truck Built for Country Roads PATRIOTfafmTRUCR Built for Country Roads— Built for Country Loads There is real need for motor trucks on the farm— to speed up transportation- To bring better mar- kets nearer— Tomaster bad roads— To save high-priced horses — But — the farmers have not bought them to any great extent. Why? The rea- son is, there has never before been a real Farm MotorTruck on the market. Those that have been sold were built for the paved streets of the cities— not the soft roads and fields of the country. The Patriot Is the First Motor Truck Built for Farm Work Or— they have been mere cheap units to combine with worn-out, low-priced, low-powered cars- — forming makeshift trucks that never were expected to de- liverreal farm service. But now— the farmer has a real truck- built in the center of Agricultural America — by experi- enced truck and body makers, in a new, complete and modern factory— and built for farm service. Everv farmer with 160 acres or more should find out what a Patriot Farm Truck will save. Write for information. HEBB MOTORS COMPANY Manufacturers of Patriot Farm Trucks 1337 P Street Lincoln Model I^ 7 Ton Washington Model 21 2 Ton Lincoln, Nebraska The Powerful Patriot Hand Hoist Sebastopol Gravensteins We handle 80% of the famous Sebastopol Gravenstein Apples Community packing houses insure uniform pack Season July 20th to September 1st S1:E our REPRESENTATIVE OR WIRE US. Sebastopol Growers' Union SEBASTOPOL, CALIFORNIA WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page j8 BETTER FRUIT A ugiist NORTHWEST Information on our Northwest Orchard Supplies gladly given on request Eagle Ladder Northwest Standard Northwest Fence 8l Supply Co. PORTLAND, OREGON Bottled Fruit Juices Bottling fruit juice is a very simple process and lightens the labor of saving the "perishables." The juice of berries, cherries, apples, pears, plums, peaches, citrus fruits and watermelon may be bottled in season and are useful in many ways. These juices make de- lightful summer drinks and sherbets or they may be combined with fresh fruits in making gelatine desserts. The family will appreciate the delicate flavor of fruit "honeys" on griddle cakes. For this heat the fruit juice with white table syrup. Properly thickened this makes a good pudding sauce. These juices may be made into jelly in winter as needed or combined with dried fi'uits in making preserves. Save all bottles. Small - mouthed bottles can be used for fruit juice, to- mato paste and small peppers. Large- mouthed bottles can be used for berries, marmalades and various pickles. Wash bottles, place side-down in vessel and cover with cold water. Bring to a boil and boil 15 minutes. Drain on cloth and fill. Sterilize corks by boiling in water 15 minutes before using. Invert and drain on cloth. Cut and crush large fruits, stem grapes, use berries as received, and use a lemon cone to extract juice of citrus fruit. Heat slowly to simmering point. The flavor is finer if fruit is not allowed to boil. Do not heat citrus fruit. Cher- ries may be put to a double use. After heating strain out the cherries to dry and bottle the juice. Strain fruit through cloth bag and allow the juice to stand in a cool place to settle. Scald bottles and fill to within one and one-half inch of the top. Put in corks lightly and set bottles on rack in a boiler, or tie down the corks and lay bottles on side with enough water to cover them. A screen at the bottom of the boiler will prevent breaking. Heat the water to the simmering point (180 degrees) and keep at this point thirty riiinutes. Bemove the bottles, stand on end and dry the cork with a towel. When nearly cold, press cork in firmly and dip top of bottle in melted paraffin or sealing wax. A simple method of scaling is to press the cork below level of neck of bottle and cover with sealing wax. A sealing wax may be made by melting together equal parts of resin and beeswax. Store upright in a cool place. A new bulletin has just been pub- lished by the Oregon Agricultural Col- lege, "Preliminary Report of Pear Har- vesting and Storage Investigations in Rogue River Valley," by Professors C. I. Lewis, J. R. Magness and C. C. Cate. Investigations concerning the harvest- ing and storage of pears were con- ducted with several varieties of pears and from eight different orchards, rep- resenting different soil types and sub- ject to different soil treatments. The very early picked fruit tends to be astringent and puckery, but that the fruit of the third and fourth pickings is of excellent quality and nearly uni- form in flavor and texture. All you are asked to do is to buy only necessary things and then loan — not give — your savings to your Govern- ment to help it fight your war. Dry Your Fruits and Vegetables WITH A CONTINUOUS PROCESS ALL METAL Home Evaporator AND SAVE ALL WASTE AND THE MIDDLEMAN'S PROFIT 1918 Model No. 2 has 105 square feet drying surface; is self-contained and complete, ready for use; is so simple a child can operate. Uses one gallon coal oil in 30 hours. Price, $186.00 Our Evaporators are covered by a guarantee that protects you against disappointment. We can make prompt delivery for a short time longer. Send money order or personal check and avoid the rush coming. HOME EVAPORATOR CO., 4221 La. Ave., St. Louis, Mo. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 18 BETTER FRUIT Page ip Protect Your Fruit WITH Acme Nailless Steel Strapping 7^/;;C Kv^fptyi '^ rapidly replacing all other fastening and 1 ///o kj ybvijill sealing devices. Its economy and efficiency make certain its universal use by up-to-date shippers, primarily because it effects a Great Saving in Loss and Damage Claims, and it is impossi- ble to open a package without mutilating the Seal or the strapping. In either case, the fact of tampering is immediately evident. Used in connection with me Lai seais consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, drawing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap-ends within a metal sleeve in such a manner that the joint has a greater tensile strength than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buckles, with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Reduce your expenses on lumber by using ^s-inch board where "s-inch was formerly used and 50% on your freight bills. The result is an even stronger case than you formerly had at about half the cost. Write for samples. MANUFACTURED BY Acme Steel Goods Co. Works: 2840 Archer Ave., CHICAGO Branches and Warehouses: Offices and Warehouse— 311 California Street.lSan Francisco ,„ . „, I Eyres Storage and Dist. Co.. Seattle. Wash. Warehouses Only ^ Hoi^an Transfer Co., Portland. Oregon The Valley of the Loganberry By C. A. Lisle, Pheasant Northwest Products Company, Salem, Oregon THERE are several hundred farmers in Oregon who do not care a hoot whether it was Luther Burbank or Judge Logan or Christopher Columbus who discovered the loganberry. They have discovered that this new hybrid fruit, this wonderberry of the fruit world, is a money-maker for them right on their own farms; and that's all the geneology they need. However, there is no doubt that the loganberry came from California. Away back in 1883, Judge John H. Logan, of Santa Cruz, certainly did plant tame red raspber- ries — the Texas Early — and the Califor- nia Dewberry, a trailing wild black- berry, together; and the resulting hy- brid was the loganberry — a fruit larger, more prolific, juicier, redder than either of the parent stocks. And there is no doubt that Burbank, the plant wizard, only a year or two later crossed the Cuthbert red raspberry and the Aughin- baugh, an improved wild blackberry, producing a hybrid berry which was at first sold under the name of the Humboldt, but later sold as the Phe- nomal. Mr. Burbank claims that his variety was the better of the two; and that the luscious fruit now grown in Oregon under the name Loganberry is really the Phenomenal, which he dis- tributed by the thousands through the berry-growing section. If so, it's an- other case of Columbus and Amerigo Yespucius, as to who should first get his brand upon the big thing he had discovered. Mr. Logan won the name. But the discovery itself is the really important matter. The loganberry as produced in its native California was about the size of the dewberry or wild blackberry; an inch in length, juicy, but with the color and the delicate flavor of the raspberry. int NorthwtfNt Products Co. Copyrljihtcd to I'h JUDGE LOGAN, The originator of the famous loganberry. It was tried all over the United States, being disseminated by nurserymen and orchardists who believed it to be a wonderful addition to the list of civil- ized fruits. Almost everywhere the vigorous plant will grow, but it has failed to produce adequate returns of fruit east or south of the Cascade range in Oregon. In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, however, it has made up for its coy vagaries elsewhere. Here it grows to twice the size of the parent California berry; berries two inches long, three-quarters of an inch in diam- eter, each one containing a tablespoon- ful of the daintiest red juice — a single fruit almost a full drink for a thirsty man. Loganberry, Burbankberry, Won- derberry — here it is at its best. The climate of the Willamette Valley has much to do with making this a berry country. The annual precipita- tion is about 45 inches; about 22 inches of rain fell during December, 1917, with only four or five nights during the win- ter that froze ice. The temperature has not in years gone lower than 10 degrees above zero. Blackberries are hardy, able to stand 30 degrees below zero in the Eastern and Middle States; raspber- ries, too, go through the same ferocious winters. But they must pay for their exposure, like the man who gets the rheumatism, and the pneumonia; for government statistics credit the fruits back there with a yield of hardly one- third what the loganberry reaches in Oregon — and some, like the loganberry, will not bear at all under those hard Page 20 BETTER FRUIT August SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS climatic conditions. Many epicures have never seen a real loganberry, and perhaps they never will, just as it comes in from the Oregon vines, the dew still on its cheek. It does not grow every- where. It is too soft, too juicy for sat- isfactory shipping in boxes; a day is too long for it to stand after picking, to be at its best. The berries are all picked in the early morning; never later than ten o'clock. The pickers start in at day- light, about four o'clock. The canes are thorny, necessitating gloves for Make a Profit onWasteApples WHY not make your wind- falls, culls and unmarket- able fruit pay you a good profit — turn your usual orchard losses into real money? With this Orchard Queen you can extract every drop of juice — no ivaste or loss at all. ORCHARD QUEEN CIDER MILL Simplest, cleanest, most easily operated of all cider mills. Does not crush apples, but grates or grinds Ihem, breaking the cells, so that when pom- ace is pressed in sanitary cloth-lined forms. all the juico is extracted. Insures greatest quantity and highesiquality of cider. Easily operated by hand or power, ■Write NO^V for full information about how to turn your orchard losses into profits. PUFFER-HUBBARD 100% \il MFG. CO. Juice T 3222.26th St., E. MINNEAPOUS. MINN. comfort, but as they are grown and trained on wire trellises, and easily reached from both sides, the picking is not bad. The plant is in reality a trail- ing bush or vine, like its dewberry an- cestor. The vines will grow to a length of several feet in a season; these canes will bear the next year's crop. The old canes are cut away in the fall, after bearing, and burned so as to destroy any possible insect contagion. The plants are set in rows eight feet apart and eight feet in the row. They are trained up on stout, smooth wire trel- lises, usually running north and south so as to give sunshine on both sides of the row. There is a reason for the popularity of the new fruit, in whatever form it may be marketed. It is a true citric product — the last great member of the citrus quartette composing the limes, the lemons, the oranges and the grape- fruit. The sweetening base of grape- juice is glucose, with tartaric and tanic acids. That of the loganberry is citric acid; it is the only red citric acid fruit in the market. There are stomachs that cannot assimilate grape juice be- cause of its tannin and glucose. If there are any that cannot take kindly to the citric acids — the lime, the lemon, the grapefruit and the loganberry — let them step sublimely solitary to the front as a new kind of horror. With the coming of prohibition in so many states, and national prohibition already in sight, the soda fountain is coming to be one of the most outstanding features of American social life. To date there is no other juice or extract product on the market that can surpass the citric acid tang of the loganberry. Millions of homes, too, now buy these delightful non-alcoholic products where once the lord of the household drank stronger beverages over the bar — and the sur- plus funds wouldn't go around for the family use. The Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Association, one of the pioneers in co- operative fruit marketing, has carried out a change voted some time ago and has become an incoporated company. It has a capital stock of $15,000. Combination MuflSns, Using No Wheat Method of Mixing. — Add to the cup of milk the melted fat, syrup and slightly beaten egg; sift the salt, baking powder and flour together. Use a coarse sieve so that no part of the flour is wasted. Combine the two mixture, stirring lightly without beating. Bake in a hot oven (437° F. or 225° C.) for twenty to thirty min- utes, depending upon the size of the mufllns. These recipes make twenty-four small mufllns, three of which make a two-ounce serving, or eight very large mufllns. The ground rolled oats are the same as rolled oats ground in a food chopper. When using oats, mix them with the other sifted dry ingredients. When corn meal is used, mix, do not sift, the ingredients. Suggestions. — The wheat substitute recipes given below show that a wide variety of com- binations is possible even when limited to the use of a few substitutes. All of the combina- tions are good. In nearly all cases a combina- tion of substitutes makes a better product than the use of only one substitute. Mufllns con- taining oats have a particlarly pleasant flavor. Other substitutes used with buckwheat will modify the color and improve the flavor of the product. The use of molasses will also do this. Combination Substitute Muffins. — Barley 50 per cent, oats 50 per cent, 1 cup liquid, 1 table- spoon fat, 2 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 4 tea- spoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 1V4 cups barley flour (4 oz.), % cup ground rolled oats (4 oz.). Combination Substitute Muffins. — Barley 75 per cent, corn 25 per cent, 1 cup liquid, 1 table- spoon fat, 2 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 4 tea- spoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 2% cups barley flour (6 oz.), % cup corn flour (2 oz.). Combination Substitute Muffins. — Ground rolled oats 50 per cent, corn flour 50 per cent. BUY A FARM in Sunny, Prosperous Learn all about Land, Water, Soil, Irrigation, Crops, Fruit Markets, Poultry, Stock, Churches and Schools, Cost of a Home. Send 25c for Six Months Subscription to Farm and Irrigation AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE Dept. 8, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTEB TVJtT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 21 1 cup liquid, 1 tablespoon fat, 2 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 1 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt. % cup ground rolled oats (4 oz.), 1 cup corn flour (4 oz.). Combination Siibslitule Mutft^s. — Oatmeal 25 per cent, corn flour 75 per cent, 1 cup liquid, 1 tablespoon fat, 2 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 4 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 1^ cup oatmeal (ground, 2 oz.), 1% <;ups corn flour (6 oz.). Combination Substitute Muffins. — Barley flour 50 per cent, corn flour 50 per cent, 1 cup milk, 1 tablespoon fat, 2 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 4 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon sail, 1^2 cups barley flour (4 oz.), 1 cup corn flour (4 oz.). As to Caretaker's Duty of an Irrigated Orchard Editor Better Fruit: As a subscriber I wish you would publish for the general information of your readers what is generally understood to be the duty of a caretaker of an irrigated orchard. I have such an orchard. Many of your readers have, and many of your readers are employed to "take care" of other people's orchards. Don't say it depends on one's contract, for too often the contract is verbal and is under- stood to mean "general care," but what consti- tutes '^general care"? To be specific, pruning, picking up brush, cutting watersprouts, irrigating, cultivating, thinning fruit, spraying, propping up trees, storing props, teaming all supplies to orchard tract, labor in keeping fences repaired, etc., etc. I am signing my letter, but believe you can publish your views without making the matter personal in any way; but the man who pays to have his orchard developed with the ex- pectation of moving onto the job when the orchard becomes productive is certainly stung early and often. Yours truly. Subscriber. Answer. — The term "care" or general care as applied to orcharding has been a source of considerable controversy all over the United States. This has been especially true of many development companies who have undertaken to develop tracts belonging to non-resident owners. A view of such tracts leads one to believe that various interpretations were put on the contracts. Probably it would have been much better if the contracts had been more Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT. President and Manager Grower! and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: AiHiles, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH. WASHINGTON Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C. Pearson Co.,inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South BIdg. Boston, IVIass. PEARSON E A R S o NAILS rmVOMV 'n buying Is getting the \j\JX^\7Xil X j,g3{ value for the money, not always In getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS - fs^'tt^^reTs^n for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now. more than ever. 1?T T A RTT TTV behind the good Is Eiljl.fl.lJll-'l A 1 added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATTQFAr'TinN' 's assured by our ±\. I lk3r A.yj A LVJn long experience In making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. T?TnTNAT,TTY P'"^ experience al- A^AVJli'^.rt.ljlX X ^ays excels Imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope Is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime l/ou play safe. A I L specific and perhaps designated to a certain extent the kind of care. But even if they did not, it is doubtful if the poor care which has been given some tracts was warranted. In other words, the people selling the land were carrying the impression that they were going to plant and develop an orchard, something which would be active and something which would be worth while owning. The Standard dictionary say that "Care means responsible charge or oversight; often implying a concern for safety and prosperity, watchful regard and attention with a view to safety and protec- tion." One who has purchased an orchard tract would have a right to expect, if the term care had been used, that it meant scientific orchard care, and that someone would have charge of the developing who is qualified by experience or work in horticulture, to develop the orchards. Care should mean that we have good soil care, proper tillage, irrigation, main- taining the fertility of the soil, handling of cover crops, proper pruning and spraying, the control and fighting of rodents such as rabbits and gi-aydiggers ; keeping up the fences so as to keep the stock from molesting the trees and so handling the orchard that the trees could be brought up to a high standard of pro- ductivity. There is no doubt in my mind but that those who have the contracts written want to carry this thought to the purchaser, and if this is so, they should be held respon- sible. Some companies have lived up to this interpretation of care, and others have taken very broad interpretations of the word care. It might imply that a caretaker simply lived on the place, in fact in some cases the orchards were not even plowed. It is to be regretted that American horticulture has had to pass through such a period of misunderstanding. Many purchasers feel dissatisfied and rightly so. There is another phase of the question, however, and that is that some of the pur- chasers have been unreasonable. They have expected a caretaker to overcome climatic diill- cuities, they have been dissatisfied if a single tree died, have been dissatisfied if there is the least sign of insect or disease attack on trees. In other words, they expect the trees to be per- fect. It probably would be well for managers and owners of orchard tracts to come to a better understanding, perhaps draw up new types of contracts in which is stated more specifically what good orchard care really means. GROWERS! "Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit" STOP! THINK! "CARO FIBRE" Fruit Wrappers LOOKS BEST PACKS BEST PICKS UP BEST "CARD" DON'T TEAR STRONG DRY STRONG WET THE BUYER |#|IAUIQ "Caro" Prolongs UllUlld the Life of Fruit Don't Be Fooled by PRICE. Don't Be Penny Wise Give Your Fruit a Chance • INSIST on Getting "Caro Fibre" Your Shipper Can Supply You, or Write to Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. F. B. DALLAM, Asent Santa Maria Building, 112 Market Straat San Francisco, Cat. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT Atigiist H€p! Hep'.'* Ten mifes more to bibe — thm camp and the comforts of a little chetM of Real Gravely. See That He Never Lacks a pouch of Real GRAVELY Chewing Plug Your fighting man will go to almost any lengths to get good tobacco. Many a man has paid $5 for less good tobacco than you will send him in a pouch of Real Gravely Chewing Plug. Only costs you 1 cents. Give any man a chew of RealjGravely Plug, and he will tell you that's the kind to send. Send the best! Ordinary plug is false economy. It cost less per week to chew Real Gravely, because a small chew of it lasts a long while. If you smoke a pipe, slice Gravely with your knife and add a little to your smoking tobacco. It will give flavor— improve your smoke. SEND YOUR FRIEND IN THE V. S. SERVICE A POUCH OF GRAVELY Dealers all around here carry it in 10c. pouches. A 3c. stamp will put it into his hands in any Training Camp or Seaport of the U. S. A. Even "over there" a 3c stamp will take it to him. Your dealer will supply envelope and give you official directions how to address it. P. B. GRAVELY TOBACCO CO., Danville, Va> The Patent Poach keeps it Fresh and Clean and Good — It is not Real Gravely icithoat this Protection Seal Established 1831 The Prune Industry in Douglas County By Earl Percy, County Horticulturist Douglas County THE remarkable thing about the prune industry in Douglas County is that its growth has been steady and continuous from the start. It has never been a boom business since old John Hall, Hans Weaver and others back in 1877 planted the first orchards at Myrtle Creek and laid the foundation for the county's largest industry. In 1916 10,000,000 pounds of dried prunes were produced which was one-fourth of the total crop of the State. Douglas is the only county still growing any great quantities of Petites. Probably 50 per cent of this year's crop will be the French or Petite prune, long dis- carded by the other prune growing sec- tions of the State. In the Myrtle Creek District this variety is at its best net- ting the growers an average profit in excess of the Italians, acre for acre. The original plantings were divided about epually between Italians, Petites and Silvers. The last named variety, while in many ways a fine fruit, rapid- ly lost its place in the fruit world, due to several weaknesses chief of which was the fact that the tree tended to bear itself to death. It is very susceptible to winter kill, sour sap, heart rot and var- ious other troubles. Nevertheless it was but a very few years ago that a packing company at Roseburg shipped a full carload of Silvers east. In 1891 the Report of the State Board of Horticulture contained this state- ment: "The man who will plant a prune orchard sufficiently large to enable him to ship in carloads lays the founda- tion for a fortune far more certain of realization and in less time than any other business in which he may embark with the same capital and labor." Many comfortable fortunes have been thus laid in the Umpqua Valley. Prune or- chards are practically the only type of real estate that is off the market. This is not due to bumper crops or to the un- usual yield of any one year, but to a steady, continuous prosperity among the prune growers, large or small. Prune growing occupies the same relation to Douglas County that apples do to Hood River. Wherever land is farmed one will find prune orchards. The county is cut up into many small shoe-string valleys, extending for 60 miles from Yoncalla to Canyonville. With the exception of the Riddle and Myrtle Creek districts, there are no large prune growing districts. The total acreage that produces 10,000,000 pounds of dried prunes is made up from the many small plantings scattered through- out the county. One of the best features of the Ore- gon Prune is its adaptability to a wide range of soils and its remarkable free- dom from pests and diseases. Here it grows on every possible combination of soil, slope and fertility, from the black sticky to the rich bottom land along the Umpqua river. It is true that it has an optimum range for best success and it is to be marvelled at that it grows at all in some of the wet, unfavorable lo- cations where it is found. Nature wisely failed to provide a host of pests and diseases for the homely prune. No other fruit under the sun could stand the neglect and abuse that the prune receives and still remain the most profit- able branch of horticulture in the Northwest. If the prune growers were suddenly forced to study and practice the principles of entomology, pathol- ogy, soil chemistry, meteorology and marketing; and do all those things that go to make apple and pear culture so costly and yet so necessary to success, it is probable that many of them would go back to general farming for a livli- hood. The prune orchards that consist- W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones; Main 2348 A 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT i9i8 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 ently produce optimum or maximum crops, are few and far between. The outstanding feature of the prune industry from observations made in an official capacity in many of the prune orchards of the State, is that in the com- petition of the future, tlie young or- chards planted in the last 5 or 6 years should far outdistance the old tracts both in annual yield and in old age. Left to itself, the prune tree will deter- iorate very rapidly. No orchard will improve by neglect. A prune orchard, however, should not be old at 25 years and on the decline, but should be in its prime and growing its largest crops at that age because of its great spread of fruiting wood and the development of its root system. The fact remains that a G or 7 per cent replant each year would not hold the total production steady, because the older orchards are drop- ping off very fast regardless of the fact that most of them are less than 30 years old. There is an orchard in this county 43 years old that is still bearing good crops, whereas another tract just over the fence on identically the same type of soil, at 25 years is gradually dying out. Most of the old trees are suffering from heart rot, which is year by year encroaching upon the sap-wood and thereby weakening the tree until it has neither the strength nor the inclination to set large crops of prunes. Heart rot is caused by several species of fungi which gain entrance through the unpro- tected wounds and stubs left by the pruner and insidiously extend their op- erations until the tree either dies, or is blown over, or is weighted down by a crop of fruit. There is no practical way to cure heart rot. The only thing that One Qualty One Service One Price "REX quality" as Spray materials win the award of merit whenever tested. Our busi- ness is entirely the production of Spray materials. Yakima Rex Spray Company Wenatchee Rex Spray Company Payette Valley Rex Spray Company A New Perfec- tion Oil Cook Stove means kitch- en comfort and convenience. Ask your friend who has one. Used in 3.000.000 homes. Inexpensive, easy to operate. See them at your deal- er's today. as the seashore Even on the hot summer days you can keep your kitchen comfortably cool by using a New Perfection Oil Cook Stove. No dirt or dust; no smoke or odor. Economical. Lights at the touch of a match and heats in a jiffy. Easy to operate and more convenient than coal or wood. Bakes, broils, roasts, toasts, — all the year round. In 1, 2, 3 and 4 burner sizes, with or without ovens or cabinets. Ask your dealer, STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) NEW PERFECTION OIL COOK STOVE A well cultivated Petite Prune orchard. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT August 1425-24 MORTMWESTERN BAMK 8LDG. PORTLAND. OREGON. E.5HELLEY MORGAN NORTHWESTERN '' APPLES PEARS ORANGES For European Distribution Boxed Apples and Pears a Specialty GERALD DA COSTA 100 & 101, Long Acre, Covent Garden, Lofidon, W. C. 2, England Cables: "Geracost, London." Codes: A. B. C. Sth Edition and Private Shipping Agents: Lunham & Moore, Produce Exchange, New Yorit THE GOLDEN GATE WEED CUTTER Greatest Weed Cutter on the Market Today Cuts seven feet or lees, weighs 230 pounds and is all made of steel. The Golden Gate Weed Cutter Is the greatest of Us kind on the market. For workmanship, simplicity and durability it cannot be excelled, aa It does Its work to perfection. Those who are using It say that no money could buy It if they could not get another. It not only cuts all kinds of weeds, but culti- vates the ground as well. One user said that it has saved him $200.00, as he did not have to plow after using. Write for free descriptive circular and list of testimonials from those who have purchased machines and praise it in every way. Manufactured by C. C. SIGURD Capital Ave. and McKee Road San Joso, Cal. EWBALTESAND COMPANY Printers ♦ Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON can be clone is to protect the young trees from it. If possible form the head of tlu' tree so that none of the main limbs will iiave to be cut olT in later years as the head becomes thick. The wounds of course can be protected by a coat of paini, wax or asphalt until it heals over. This application will likely need be followed by another during the summer to prevent the spores from gaining en- trance through the cracks in the cuts. The reason why the older orchard is in a fair state of health while the 25-year- old tract is dying is due to the method of pruning, or rather of not pruning, practiced in the early days of prune growing. None of the main or large limbs have ever been removed from the 43-year-old orchard, while the other has been pruned without regard to heart rot. The grower who religiously prunes, sprays and cultivates in the most ap- proved orthodox manner, aside from the facts of the presence of heart rot and poor location, may still fall far short of maximum crops year by year. His trouble is apt to be due to moisture content or fertility or to both, because a tree that is not receiving proper nour- ishment cannot function at its best. This is clear to anyone acquainted with the principles of Plant Physiology. As the years go by, the fertility and moist- ure holding content should logically be improved and not allowed to decrease, because as the trees become larger they naturally become a greater strain on the soil. Roots of a 7-year-old Italian tree big around as a lead pencil have been dug up 18 feet from the trunk. The feeding area is greater than gener- ally known and to produce regular crops of 2 tons dried this balance must be maintained. Cover cropping is the cheapest fertilizer and soil improver that we have, but unfortunately the vetches cannot be made to grow every year in the Northwest. Where acces- sible, manures are very valuable. Mr. Russel, of Washougal, in rejuvenating an old prune orchard by applying 10 tons of sheep manure to the acre for three years, succeeded in making the trees net $300 an acre. Some growers in Douglas county are irrigat- ing this year and the results will be watched with interest, because there is a suspicion that Western Oregon in re- ality is a semi-arid district, at least the last two seasons warrant that conclu- sion. Others are experimenting with nitrate of soda. The fact that prune culture is not considered as high grade a form of Horticulture as apple, pear or citrus culture is due largely to the nature of its development in the Northwest. When Seth Lewelling, in 1859, near Milwaukie planted 5 acres to Italian prunes, he in- tended to supply the California markets which were at that time paying fabu- lous prices for fresh and dried fruits. Today, or before the war, we were shipping prunes to all of the main mar- kets of the world from Moscow to Buenos Aires. Commercial plantings began in Oregon in the early 70s, after the excellence of the fruit in Lewell- ing's orchard became known for its WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 quality, size, flavor and fine drying characteristics. Dr. J. R. Cardwell, an enthusiastic horticulturist probably set the first orchard of commercial im- portance near Portland. During the next ten years the industry became well established in Polk, Yamhill and Douglas Counties, in Oregon, and in Clarke County, Washington. A promoter named Evans from Cali- fornia succeeded in interesting several farmers, Hans Weaver, John Weaver, J. J. Chadwick, Geo. Dement, John Isner and John Hall, at Myrtle Creek, in a patent dryer in 1877, and sold them prune trees to get the business started, but it developed that he knew far more about promoting than he did about prune drying and the growers were soon left to work out their own salva- tion. Their greatest trouble was to dry the crop. This was an entirely new business in Oregon and it is recorded that for two years the crop lay on the ground to rot. Drying was carried through the experimental stage how- ever, until several types of dryers were developed that proved successful. The tunnel dryer is in greatest use now. Judge G. W. Riddle has a steam dryer which has over five miles of pipes in it. There was considerable trouble in marketing the fruit in the early days. The markets of the East were not eager to buy the prunes in dirty gunny sacks. Probably the greatest single factor in the development of the prune industry must be credited to the processor. The product was sterilized and packed in clean boxes such as the trade desired. With that came extensive advertising until today the Oregon Prune is favor- ably known wherever people cat fruit. With the expansion of the market the growth of the industry in Douglas county has been steady, until it has be- come the safest and most profitable business of the county. Yields of 2 to 3 tons are not at all un- common in the Valley of the Umpqua. Judge A. F. Stearns of Oakland, dried 70 tons of Italians from 25 acres in 1916. Dr. Hoover of Roseburg, grew over three tons to the acre on 30 year old trees. The young orchards are doing well, too. A. F. Hoffman received .'?1200 for the crop on Wi acres eight years old. The name of Weaver in the Mvrtle Creek district is a synonym for prunes. Ed. Weaver dried 150,000 pounds of Petites on 30 acres in 1917. "Success in prune growing, " says Mr. Weaver, "depends on the application of good common sense, providing you have the right kind of soil to begin with. Al- ways cultivate before bloom and plow away from the trees. Mounding the dirt around the trees is the surest way I know to prevent a crop from setting." Your common sense will tell you that you cannot buy now all the things you bought before we had a war to win. Your buying must be restricted and your savings invested in War Savings Stamps. In France all grains that can be used in bread making are reserved for human food. Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Points to remember when consigning apples to the London Market Specialists in Apples CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON J M^ The Acme Fruit Picker Mr. Fruit Grower: Labor is going to be scarcer than ever thjs season. The Acme Fruit Picker is worth its weight in gold as a labor saver. Works successfully on any tree fruit. Weighs less than three pounds; light and durable; made of the best mater- ial obtainable. The picker takes the place of heavy, burdensome stepladders and is so simple of construction that a child can operate it. Guaranteed not to injure the tree in any way, and with the zigzag delivery chute it is impossible to bruise the fruit. Price $6.50 F. O. B. Bellingham, Wn. If not satisfied money refunded. Reference. Bellingham National Bank. Bellingham, Wn. Write for free descriptive circular. ACME FRUIT PICKER CO.^Muliin Hotel, Bellingham, Wn. RHODES DOUBLE CUT , PRUNING SHI RHODES MFG. 520 s. DIVISION AVE.. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 'THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. Pittsburgh Perfect Cement COStSd NSilS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSfVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY. Pittiburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT August If You Want an "Inexpensive" Piano Don't Buy a "Cheap" One There is a big distinction between the words "cheap" and "inexpensive." Some folks like to get things "cheap" —only to find that in the end they proved to be the most expensive— because they had to buy another that would give service. Now we do not sell "cheap" pianos, but we do carry a number of "inexpensive" instruments. The prices are within the reach of most every home. These Pianos will render many years of satisfactory service— they are good, substantial values and are worth every dollar asked. We gladly arrange convenient terms of payment. We invite you to call at any of our stores — or write us asking for illustrated catalogues and prices We are dealers in Steinway and other Pianos, Pianola Pianos, Aeolian Player Pianos, Player Music, etc. ShermanlMay & Co. Kearny and Sutter Streets. San Francisco Sixth and Morrison Streets, Portland Third Avenue, at Pine Street, Seattle 928-30 Broadway, Tacoma 808-10 Sprague Avenue, Spokane Stores also at Oakland. Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno, San Jose. Santa Rosa. Vallejo The Valve-in-head-type engine illus- trated here, like all internal combut- tion engines, requires an oil that holds its lubricating qualities at cyl- inder heat, burns clean in the com- bustion chambers and goes out with exhaust. Zerolenc fills these require- ments perfectly, because it is correct^ ly refined from selected California a«« phaJt-baae crude. ZEROLENE 7^e Standard Oil for Motor Cars It Keeps the Engine Young ! Zerolene keeps the engine young — full-powered, smooth- running, and economical in fuel and oil consumption— because it is correctly refined from selected California asphalt-base crude. Gives better lubrication with less carbon. Made in several consistencies. Get our Correct Lubrication Chart covering your car. At dealers everywhere and Standard Oil Service Stations. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) A Labor Saver, Etc. Continued from page 3. qiiently used, which can be so. made as fo receive the fruit automatically from a gravity line and take same to an upper floor and automatically run it off onto another gravity line; so that only two men are required for this opera- tion — one at the first end of the gravity line on the floor belowand the other at the final place of delivery. Likewise, it may be desired to run the apples to the basement or from any upper floor to a lower floor. This is very easily accomplished by means of a spiral or a straight chute. These, loo, can be so arranged that the apples will automat- ically run into them from a gravity line, and likewise at the lower floor the apples will run out of the spiral chute and off onto a gravity conveyor auto- matically and without attention and be carried to any part of the floor desired. What, too, should be noted — no power is used in the spirals or the gravities — nature does the work; and besides, they are entirely safe, because with the ab- sence of unyielding power, no accidents can occur, which is quite the contrary with the ordinary power conveyor. Last year, and the year before, many warehouses in the Northwest were equipped with conveyors, among which might be mentioned Baker Langdon Orchard Co., Walla Walla, Washington; Early Fruit Co., Spokane, Washington; Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Associ- ation, Yakima, Washington; Cashmere Fruit Growers' Union, Cashmere, Wash- ington; Okanogan Fruit Growers' Union, Okanogan, Washington. And this sea- son many others, having observed the successful operation of conveyors in these plants, are arranging for complete conveying equipments. While arrangements and conditions of each packing house vary the system, the fundamental principle is the same. At the receiving doors there are lines of conveyors on which the orchardist unloads his boxes and here they are checked in. From these lines they may be sorted or delivered without further handling to the point where they are wanted. Along the sorting machines lines of gravity conveyors carry the fruit, packed but uncovered, to the nail- ing machines. The nailers, in turn, place the boxes on another line of con- veyors which takes them to the check- ing table, from which they are carried upstairs by means of an inclined ele- vator, or downstairs through a spiral chute, or directly into the car, or to any part of the same floor on regular gravity lines. And so, the warehouse man and packer can easily see how a properly laid out conveying system will do away with handling and trucking and with much labor and confusion, and at the same time do the work quicker, more systematically and at less expense and enable him to give every- body service and keep everybody happy; at any rate, it will pay to in- vestigate. Pledge yourself to save to the utmost and to buy a definite amount of War Savings Stamps each month. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUI-]f Facts vs. Guess-work United States Tires are Good Tires 'Chain'' 'Usco' THIS car is as much a part of my farm as the barn is. It's working every day. It's a business proposition. So I'm going to make her upkeep strictly business. "These United States Tires are a be- ginning. I've been investigating and gathering evidence all over the country. I'll bet I've talked to a hundred farmers who drive cars. The majority vote is United States Tires for long w^ear and economy. It w^as unanimous with the fellow^s who are keeping books on their cars and finding out what it costs them to ride a mile or a hundred. "You see I'm starting on the idea that quality pays in the long run. I'm fitting the car out right to begin with. That's the way to shove down the little old- cost-per-mile at the end of the year." Any United States Sales and Service Depot dealer will cheerfully aid you in selecting the right tire for your car and your roads. There are treads and types for every purpose— all United States quality. The World Our Orchard nT[$Al£vs.AnN Experience has demonstrated clearly the manifold advantages of sale by private treaty, which method is novv^ acknow^ledged on all sides to show^ more satisfactory results than the auction. Assuming that you are anxious to dispose of your fruit in the best possible manner and to the best possible advantage we, as PRIVATE SALESMEN, have no hesitency in laying our claim before you. Whether you prefer to sell your fruit on an outright f.o.b. basis or prefer to have it handled for your own account on a consignment basis, both of which methods are entirely agree- able to us, the fact remains that the firm of Steinhardt & Kelly 101 PARK PLACE NEW YORK is in position to give you the best possible service. Our reputation of ''Never Having Turned Down A Car" although practically 90% of our business is done on an outright purchase basis, is a record of which we feel deservedly proud. Our Market The World WHEN WRITING ADVERTISEB3 MENTION BETTER FROIT BETTER FRUIT Volume XIII SEPTEMBER, 1918 Number 3 YMCA The Big Red Apples of the West have gone to the front line trenches in France by the carload. Westeners sent them. Y. M. C. A. men braved shrap- nel and shells to hand them out to the men in khaki. They handed out other things— comfort and cheer and the feel of home. Help the "Y" help the boys from the West. BETTER F RUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON SubscHption $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents Eagle Ladder Northwest Standard Northwest Fence &. Supply Co. PORTLAND, OREGON LADDsTILTON BANK Fifty-nine Years of continuous service to the Northwest is the record of this pioneer bank. Today, as always, it bears the reputation of being at once conser- vative and progressive — a wise combination. We soHcit accounts, either personal or bus- iness. Ladd & Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.PearsonCo.,inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bidg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON E A R S o NAILS fONOMY '" buying 1» setting the v^vyj.1 vyiTj. X j,gg{ value for the money, not always In getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESSI -l's°r'rrs^n for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever, FJJARTTJTY behind the good is CiLilJ^^DlLill. 1 added value. Toucan rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATmFAPTTmV la assured by our .rt.±lk5r,rt.\jllV/iX long experience In making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. RTQTNATJTY P'"» experience al- IVlVjlli-^ .rt.ljl ± J. „ay, excels Imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope Is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT I9I8 BETTER FRUIT Page 3 Decrease Packing Time and Expense No expensive time is wasted in figuring how each layer is to be packed when the Bushel Shipping Basket is used The Universal Package is easy to pack. The fruit or vegetables seek their position as they are poured in You may not get the very highest price but you get the largest net profit because so much is saved on packing \\Send for prices tliat\make you money. Package Sales Corporation 106 East Jefferson St., SouthjBend, Indiana Box Strapping and Tie Buckles HOLD WHERE OTHER METHODS OF PACKING FAIL Cold rolled fiat wire, lacquered finish or galvanized, for use with tin seals. No nails used in this application. Packed in bbls. of 500 lbs. X Acme Steel Box Strapping in coils of 300 feet, 20 coils to a case. Larger coils of .'i.i lOi • feet. This strapping is used with or without nails and is lacquered finished. Acme No. 4 Bale Tie Fastener, used with No. 17-18 round wire. Holds securely and has no prong to break off. Packed 50,000 toa bbl. Write for Catalog Showing Acme Special Nailless Strap Acme Steel Goods Co., Mfrs. Works: 2840 Archer Avenue, CHICAGO Branch and Warehouse: 311 California Street, San Francisco u, . _ , Eyres Storage and Dist. Co., Seattle Warehouses Only: „^,,„an Transfer Co., Portland. Ore. Dot Embossed Strapping The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M. GILBERT, President and Manager Grower! and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupe* TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON WHKN WKITING ADVERTISHRS ME.NT!0.'< BETTER FRUIT Page 4 BETTER FRUIT September The Hardie TODAY AS IN THE PAST These Two Orchard Ladders REPRESENT QUALITY The same grade of clear well seasoned spruce, the same practical design, the same workmanship are still there. No attempt has been made to lower the high standard of these ladders by cheaper materials or unskilled labor. Now as never before you should select high grade orchard equipment. The Apex Labor is scarce and high-priced. Hardie orchard equipment will help you keep within sight of your old production cost. Price per foot 45c We issue a small folder describing more fully these two ladders and other orchard equipment. Send for it today. Get your equipment early. Price per foot 45c THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 North Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH 8c CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS 8c CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS BEJI^RE! using Cement Coated Nalla Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform leng-th, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles APTER use of C. F. * I. Co.'s Cement Coated Nails WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist, ConaUls. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander. EntomologlBt; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist; W. S. Thoniber. Horticul- turist. Pullman. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and TrrigatlOD Engineering. State Agricultural ColleKe. Fort Collins. ARIZONA — E. P. Taj-lor, Horticulturist. Tucson. WISCONSIN — Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist, Madisr.n. MONTANA— O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist. Bozeman. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist, Berke- ley; W. H. Volck. Entomologist. WatsonvUle; Leon D. Batclielor. Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 407 Lumber Exchange PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price : In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50. Advertising Rates on Application. Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postodlcc at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. ^'OLL'ME XIII P0RTI.AND, OuEGON, Septererer 1, 1918 Number 3 Pear-Blight Control in Rogue River Valley, Oregon PEAR blight (bacilliLS amylovorous) made its first appearance in the Rogue River Valley in the season of 1907. For two or three seasons this disease was regarded by the growers as "Sour Sa])" and very little attention was given it. In 1908 and 1909 this so-called "Sour-Sap" trouble became more serious and made its appearance in many parts of the valley. Some of the growers at this time undertook to cure this trouble by splitting the bark of the infected trees. This procedure caused greater trouble, as it merely spread the bacteria from infected parts to healthy tissues and many trees w^ere lost as a result of such practice. About this time some of the pro- gressive fruit growers of the valley pe- titioned the Department of Agriculture for assistance in handling this disease. Mr. P. J. O'Gara was detailed for this work, and after making an extensive investigation was employed by Jackson County to assist in educating the grow- ers along the proper methods of con- trolling pear blight. This so-called "Sour-Sap" trouble turned out to be the most dreaded disease of all pomaceous fruits — Pear and Apple Blight. Practically all commercial varieties of pears have been ravaged by this disease. Of course, some varieties are more susceptible. The Bosc, Howell, Anjou, Bartlett, Comice and Winter Nelis show susceptibility in about the order named. Keifer stock, that was formerly supposed to be resistant to blight, has proved susceptible to more or less extent. In fact we have no com- mercial varieties growing in the Rogue River Valley that are immune or either highly resistant. Spitzenberg apples head the list for susceptible apple varieties. For several years Newtowns ajipeared to be more or less resistant, but at the present writing Newtowns blight very severely if control measures are not scrupu- lously followed. Winesaps are very re- sistant an